Computational paradigm techniques for enhancing electric power quality

"The book provides the complete solution for the power quality improvement with intelligent techniques along with simulation exercises and experimental results. Apart from all the major verticals, it also provides the need of power quality improvement in renewable energy systems and implementation of power quality improvement practices"-- Abstract: "The book provides the complete solution for the power quality improvement with intelligent techniques along with simulation exercises and experimental results. Apart from all the major verticals, it also provides the need of power quality improvement in renewable energy systems and implementation of power quality improvement practices"-- Read more... Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 Preface 16 Acknowledgments 18 Authors 20 Abbreviations 22 1: Introduction 26 1.1 General Classes of Power Quality Problems 26 1.2 Types of Power Quality Problems 28 1.2.1 Voltage Sags (Dips) 29 1.2.2 Voltage Swells 30 1.2.3 Long-Duration Overvoltages 30 1.2.4 Undervoltages 31 1.2.5 Interruptions 32 1.2.6 Transients 33 1.2.7 Voltage Unbalance 33 1.2.8 Voltage Fluctuations 34 1.2.9 Harmonics 35 1.2.10 Electrical Noise 39 1.2.11 Transient Overvoltage 40 1.2.11.1 Capacitor Switching 40 1.2.11.2 Magnification of Capacitor-Switching Transients 41 1.2.11.3 Restrikes during Capacitor Deenergizing 43 1.2.12 Lightning 45 1.2.13 Ferroresonance 47 1.3 Principles of Overvoltage Protection 52 1.3.1 Devices for Overvoltage Protection 54 1.3.1.1 Surge Arresters and Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors 54 1.3.1.2 Isolation Transformers 55 1.3.1.3 Low-Pass Filters 56 1.3.1.4 Low-Impedance Power Conditioners 56 1.3.1.5 Utility Surge Arresters 57 1.3.2 Utility Capacitor-Switching Transients 59 1.3.2.1 Switching Times 59 1.3.2.2 Pre-insertion Resistors 59 1.3.2.3 Synchronous Closing 61 1.3.2.4 Capacitor Location 64 1.3.2.5 Utility System Lightning Protection 64 1.3.2.6 Shielding 65 1.3.2.7 Line Arresters 65 1.4 Origin of Short Interruptions 66 1.4.1 Terminology 66 1.4.1.1 Interruption 66 1.4.1.2 Sags (Dips) 67 1.4.1.3 Swells 69 1.5 Monitoring of Short Interruptions 69 1.5.1 Sag 69 1.5.2 Swell 70 1.5.3 Influence of Equipment 70 1.5.3.1 Single Phase Tripping 70 1.5.3.2 Benefits of Single-Pole Tripping 71 1.5.3.3 Single-Pole Tripping Concerns and Solutions 71 1.6 Description of Long-Duration Power Quality Issues 78 1.6.1 Transients 78 1.6.2 Short-Duration Voltage Variations 78 1.6.3 Long-Duration Voltage Variations 78 1.6.4 Voltage Unbalance 78 1.6.5 Waveform Distortion 78 1.6.6 Voltage Fluctuations 78 1.6.7 Power Frequency Variations 79 2: Mitigation Techniques 80 2.1 Introduction 80 2.1.1 Series Controllers 81 2.1.2 Shunt Controllers—STATCOM 81 2.1.3 Combined Shunt and Series Controllers 82 2.1.3.1 Unified Power Flow Controller 82 2.1.3.2 Interline Power Flow Controller 82 2.2 Application of FACTS Controllers in Distribution Systems 82 2.3 Introduction to Long-Duration Voltage Variations 83 2.3.1 Observation of System Performance 83 2.3.2 Principle of Regulating Voltage 83 2.4 Devices for Voltage Regulation 84 2.4.1 Electronic Voltage Regulator 84 2.4.2 Zener-Controlled Transistor Voltage Regulator 84 2.4.3 Zener-Controlled Transistor Series Voltage Regulator 84 2.4.3.1 Operation 85 2.4.3.2 Limitations 85 2.4.4 Zener-Controlled Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator 85 2.4.4.1 Operation 85 2.4.4.2 Limitations 86 2.4.5 Discrete Transistor Voltage Regulator 86 2.4.5.1 Limitations of Transistor Voltage Regulators 87 2.4.6 Electromechanical Regulator 88 2.4.7 Automatic Voltage Regulator 88 2.4.8 Constant Voltage Transformer 88 2.4.9 Utility Voltage Regulator Application 88 2.5 Step-Voltage Regulator Basic Operation 89 2.5.1 Voltage Regulator Applications 91 2.5.2 Voltage Regulator Sizing and Connection 91 2.5.3 Capacitor Selection Is Key to Good Voltage Regulator Design 92 2.5.4 Dealing with EMI 92 2.5.5 The L-C Output Filter 94 2.5.6 Seeking Guidance 95 2.5.7 A Critical Part of Power Supply Design 96 2.5.8 End-User Capacitor Application 96 2.5.9 Energy Storage Device 96 2.5.10 Pulsed Power and Weapons 97 2.5.11 Power Conditioning 97 2.5.12 Power Factor Correction 97 2.5.13 Motor Starters 97 2.5.14 Signal Processing 98 2.5.15 Tuned Circuits 98 2.5.16 Regulating Utility Voltage with Distributed Resources 98 2.5.17 Flicker 99 2.5.17.1 Standards and Regulation 100 2.6 Introduction to Voltage Sag 101 2.6.1 Voltage Sag 101 2.6.2 Voltage Sag Magnitude 102 2.6.3 Voltage Sag Duration 103 2.6.3.1 Three-Phase Unbalance 105 2.6.3.2 Phase Angle Jumps 105 2.6.3.3 Magnitude and Phase-Angle Jumps for Three-Phase Unbalanced Sags 106 2.6.3.4 Other Characteristics of Voltage Sags 108 2.6.3.5 Load Influence on Voltage Sags 108 2.6.4 Equipment Behavior 109 2.6.4.1 Voltage-Tolerance Curves 109 2.6.4.2 Voltage-Tolerance Tests 109 2.6.5 Computers and Consumer Electronics 111 2.6.5.1 Estimation of Computer Voltage Tolerance 111 2.6.6 Adjustable AC Drive System 112 2.6.7 Adjustable DC Drives 113 2.6.7.1 Other Sensitive Loads 114 2.7 Stochastic Assessment of Voltage Sag 114 2.7.1 Compatibility between Equipment and Supply 114 2.7.1.1 Presentation of Results: Voltage Sag Co-ordination Chart 116 2.8 Mitigation of Voltage Sag 118 2.8.1 From the Fault to Trip 118 2.8.2 Reducing the Number of Faults 119 2.8.3 Reducing the Fault-Clearing Time 120 2.8.4 Including Changes in Power System 121 2.8.5 Installing Mitigation Equipment 122 2.8.6 Improvising Equipment Immunity 122 2.9 Different Events and Mitigation Methods 123 2.10 Voltage Imbalance and Voltage Fluctuation 123 2.10.1 Voltage Imbalance 123 2.10.2 Voltage Fluctuation 124 2.10.2.1 Causes of Voltage Fluctuations 124 2.10.2.2 Sources of Voltage Fluctuations 125 2.10.2.3 Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuations in Power Systems 125 2.10.3 Voltage Stabilization Solutions 126 2.11 Waveform Distortion 126 2.11.1 Power Frequency Variation 127 2.11.1.1 Variation from Rated Voltage 127 2.11.1.2 Variation from Rated Frequency 127 2.11.1.3 Combined Variation of Voltage and Frequency 127 2.11.1.4 Effects of Variation of Voltage and Frequency upon the Performance of Induction Motors 128 2.11.1.5 Operation of General-Purpose Alternating-Current Polyphase 2-, 4-, and 8-Pole, 60 Hz Integral-Horsepower Induction Motors Operated on 50 Hz 128 2.11.1.6 Effects of Voltages over 600 V on the Performance of Low-Voltage Motors 129 2.11.2 Electrical Noise 129 2.11.2.1 Internal Noise 129 2.11.2.2 External Noise 129 2.11.2.3 Frequency Analysis of Noise 133 2.11.3 Overvoltage and Undervoltage 135 2.11.3.1 Overvoltage 135 2.11.3.2 Lightning 137 2.11.3.3 Surges Induced by Equipment 137 2.11.3.4 Effects of Overvoltages on Power System 139 2.11.3.5 Undervoltage 139 2.11.3.6 Outage 140 2.11.4 Harmonics 140 2.11.4.1 Harmonic Number (h) 140 2.11.4.2 Harmonic Signatures 141 2.11.4.3 Effect of Harmonics on Power System Devices 141 2.11.4.4 Guidelines for Harmonic Voltage and Current Limitation 144 2.11.4.5 Harmonic Current Cancellation 145 2.11.4.6 Harmonic Filters 145 2.11.4.7 Cures for Low-Frequency Disturbances 146 2.11.4.8 Isolation Transformers 147 2.11.4.9 Voltage Regulators 147 2.11.4.10 Static Uninterruptible Power Source Systems 148 2.11.4.11 Rotary Uninterruptible Power Source Units 152 2.11.4.12 Voltage Tolerance Criteria 153 2.11.5 Harmonic Distortion 154 2.11.5.1 Total Harmonic Distortion 155 2.11.5.2 The Usual Suspects 156 2.11.5.3 Importance of Mitigating THD 156 2.11.5.4 Voltage vs. Current Distortion 157 2.11.5.5 Current Measurement with Harmonics 157 2.11.5.6 Voltage Measurement with Harmonics 158 2.11.5.7 Effects of Current Distortion 158 2.11.5.8 Effects of Voltage Distortion 159 2.11.5.9 Harmonics vs. Transients 159 2.11.5.10 Sources of Current Harmonics 159 2.11.5.11 Voltage and Current Harmonics 160 2.11.6 Harmonic Indices 160 2.11.6.1 Single Site Indices 160 2.11.6.2 System Indices 164 2.11.6.3 Harmonic Sources from Commercial Loads 168 2.11.7 Interharmonics 179 2.11.7.1 Description of the Phenomenon 179 3: A Voltage-Controlled DSTATCOM for Power Quality Improvement 188 3.1 Introduction 188 3.2 DSTATCOM 188 3.3 Design of DSTATCOM 190 3.4 Control Circuit Design and Reference Terminal Voltage Generation 191 3.5 Simulation 191 4: Power Quality Issues and Solutions in Renewable Energy Systems 198 4.1 Introduction 198 4.2 Power Quality in Electrical Systems 198 4.3 Solutions to Power Quality Problems 199 4.4 Multilevel Inverters and Their Structures 200 4.4.1 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 201 4.4.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter 202 4.4.3 Cascaded H Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI) 203 4.4.4 Reduced Order Multilevel Inverter 204 4.4.5 Comparison of Multilevel Inverters 205 4.4.6 Applications of Multilevel Inverters 205 4.4.7 Integration of MLI with Solar PV Systems 205 4.5 Power Quality Improvement Techniques for a Solar-Fed CMLI 207 4.5.1 Intelligent Techniques 207 4.5.2 Problem Statement 208 4.6 Literature Review 208 4.7 Modeling of Solar Panel 209 4.8 Design Specifications 213 4.9 Experimental Setup 215 4.10 Selective Harmonic Elimination 218 4.10.1 Problem Statement 219 4.10.2 Optimal Harmonic Stepped Waveform 219 4.10.3 Artificial Neural Network 224 4.10.4 Data Set Collection 224 4.10.5 ANN Architecture 225 4.11 Optimization Techniques 226 4.11.1 Problem Formulation 226 4.11.2 Genetic Algorithm 228 4.11.3 Computation of Switching Angles 228 4.11.3.1 Generation of Initial Chromosomes 228 4.11.3.2 Population 228 4.11.3.3 Fitness Function 228 4.11.3.4 Crossover Operation 229 4.11.3.5 Mutation Operation 229 4.11.3.6 Termination 229 4.11.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 229 4.11.5 Bees Optimization 230 4.11.6 Natural World of Bees 231 4.11.7 Computation of Switching Angles 231 4.12 Simulation Results 232 4.12.1 Optimal Harmonic Stepped Waveform 232 4.12.2 Artificial Neural Networks 234 4.12.3 Optimization Techniques 237 4.13 Experimental Results 240 4.14 Lower Order Harmonics Mitigation in a PV Inverter 244 4.14.1 Methodology 245 4.14.2 Origin of Lower Order Harmonics and Fundamental Current Control 246 4.14.3 Origin of Lower Order Harmonics 246 4.14.3.1 Odd Harmonics 246 4.14.4 Even Harmonics 246 4.15 Fundamental Current Control 247 4.16 Design of PRI Controller Parameters 248 4.17 Adaptive Harmonic Compensation 248 4.18 Simulink Model 251 References 256 5: Review of Control Topologies for Shunt Active Filters 258 5.1 Background 258 5.1.1 Nonlinear Load Types: Current Source or Voltage Source 262 5.1.1.1 Current Source Load Type 262 5.1.1.2 Voltage-Source-Type Load 263 5.2 Three-Phase Three-Wire Systems 265 5.3 Design of Transformer, Passive Filters, IGBT 268 5.3.1 Design of Transformers 268 5.3.1.1 Zigzag Transformer 269 5.3.1.2 T-Connected Transformer 270 5.3.1.3 Star/Delta (Y–.) Transformer 273 5.3.1.4 Star/Hexagon Transformer 273 5.4 Design of Capacitors for VSC 275 5.5 Topologies-Design Consideration 275 5.6 Three Phase Four Wire Systems 276 5.7 Effect of Neutral and Grounding Practices for Power Quality Improvement 290 5.7.1 Reduction of Neutral Current Carried by Existing Problem Conductor 294 5.7.2 Scheme to Cancel Neutral Current along Parts of Bus Bars 295 5.8 Advantages with Three Phase Four Wire System 295 5.9 Topologies-Design Consideration 295 5.9.1 Topology with Three-Leg VSC-Based with Zigzag 297 5.9.2 Topology with Three-Leg Split Capacitor with Star–Delta. 297 5.9.3 Topology with Three Leg with T-Connected 298 5.9.4 Topology with Three Leg with Star–Hexagon Connected 298 5.10 Comparison of Topologies 299 5.11 Summary 302 References 304 6: Control Topologies for Series Active Filters 312 6.1 Background 312 6.2 Advantages and Comparison with Shunt Active Filters 321 6.3 Design of Series Active Filter Components 322 6.4 Topology 323 6.4.1 Thyristor Bridge Low-Pass Filter 329 6.4.2 Angle Control Unit 330 6.4.3 Voltage-Boost or Buck Rate Limit and Quantization 330 6.4.4 Dynamic Saturation 330 6.4.5 Series DC Active Filter Controller 330 6.4.5.1 The Traditional SHAPF 333 6.4.5.2 The Series-in SHAPF 335 6.4.5.3 The SHAPF 335 6.5 Comparison of Topologies 337 6.6 Summary 338 References 340 7: Control Strategies for Active Filters 346 7.1 Background 346 7.1.1 Control Strategy 347 7.1.1.1 Signal Conditioning 348 7.1.1.2 Derivation of Compensating Signals 348 7.1.1.3 Generation of Gating Signals to Compensating Devices 348 7.2 Control Strategy for Shunt Active Three-Phase Three-Wire System 348 7.3 Three-Phase Four-Wire Shunt Active Filter 353 7.4 Capacitor Charging in Active Filters 361 7.4.1 Design of VSC 361 7.5 Applications of Compensating Devices 362 7.5.1 Reference Signal Extraction Techniques 363 7.5.1.1 Frequency-Domain Methods 363 7.5.1.2 Time-Domain Methods 365 7.5.1.3 Other Algorithms 370 7.5.2 Current Control Techniques 370 7.5.2.1 Open Loop PWM Methods 371 7.5.2.2 Closed Loop PWM Methods: Hysteresis Controller 373 7.5.2.3 Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM 374 7.5.3 Main Circuits 375 7.5.3.1 Space-Vector Modulation 376 7.5.4 Control Systems 379 7.6 Summary 380 References 381 8: An Active Power Filter in Phase Coordinates for Harmonic Mitigation 396 8.1 Active Power Filter 396 8.2 Synchronous Current Detection 396 8.3 Least-Squares Fitting 396 8.4 Phase-Lock Technique 398 8.5 Determination of Phase Reference Currents 398 8.6 Simulation Model 398 9: Line Harmonics Reduction in High-Power Systems 402 9.1 Introduction 402 9.2 Square Wave Inverter 403 9.3 Modified Sine Wave 403 9.4 Pure Sine Wave 404 9.5 Pulse-Width Modulation 404 9.6 Bipolar Switching 405 9.7 Unipolar Switching 405 9.8 Modified Unipolar Switching 406 9.9 Voltage Source Inverter 407 9.10 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter 408 9.11 Simulation and Results 408 10: AC–DC Boost Converter Control for Power Quality Mitigation 414 10.1 Introduction 414 10.2 Unidirectional AC to DC Boost Converter 414 10.3 PFC Control 416 10.4 Control Strategy of PFC Control 416 10.5 Reactive Power Compensation Control Mode 418 10.6 Harmonic Current Compensation Control Mode 420 10.7 HCC and RPC Combined Control Strategy 421 10.8 Simulations 422 11: Harmonic and Flicker Assessment of an Industrial System with Bulk Nonlinear Loads 426 11.1 Single Line Diagram of the System 426 11.2 System Modeling 426 11.3 EAF Load Model 426 11.4 SVC Model 426 11.5 Thyristor Bridge Rectifier (6-Pulse) 427 11.6 Simulink Model 428 11.7 Waveforms 432 12: LCL Filter Design for Grid-Interconnected Systems 434 12.1 Introduction 434 12.2 Block Diagram 434 12.3 LCL Filter 435 12.4 LCL Filter Design 435 12.5 Filter Design Specifications 436 12.6 Simulation 437 13: Harmonics Mitigation in Load Commutated Inverter Fed Synchronous Motor Drives 442 13.1 Introduction 442 13.2 Synchronous Motor Drives 442 13.3 Load-Commutated Inverters 442 13.4 Converter Configuration 443 13.5 Requirements for the 18- and 24-Pulse Converters 443 13.6 Operation 444 13.6.1 6-Pulse Converters 444 13.6.2 12-Pulse Converters 444 13.7 Design of Filters 446 13.8 Specifications 446 13.9 Simulation and Results 447 13.9.1 MATLAB Blocks 447 13.9.2 6-Pulse Converter without Filter Circuit 447 13.9.3 6-Pulse Converter with Passive Filter Circuit 447 13.9.4 12-Pulse Converter without Filter 450 13.9.5 12-Pulse Converter with Passive Filter 450 13.9.6 FFT Analysis 450 13.10 Graphical Results 450 13.10.1 6-Pulse Converter without Filter 450 13.10.2 6-Pulse Converter Using Passive Filter 450 13.10.3 12-Pulse Converter without Filter 450 13.10.4 12-Pulse Converter Using Filter 456 13.10.5 18-Pulse Converter 456 14: Power-Quality Improvements in Vector-Controlled Induction Motor Drives 460 14.1 Scalar Control 460 14.2 Vector Control 461 14.3 Representation of the System 461 14.4 MATLAB Simulation 462 14.5 Simulink Model of Vector-Controlled Induction Motor Drive 463 14.6 Subsystem Model of VCIMD 464 14.7 Simulation Results of VCIMD 465 14.8 Speed Waveform 465 14.9 Torque Waveform 466 14.10 6-Pulse Converter with VCIMD 466 14.11 12-Pulse Converter 468 14.12 18-Pulse Converter 470 14.13 24-Pulse Converter 472 14.14 Results and Conclusion 472 Index 476 "The book provides the complete solution for the power quality improvement with intelligent techniques along with simulation exercises and experimental results. Apart from all the major verticals, it also provides the need of power quality improvement in renewable energy systems and implementation of power quality improvement practices"-- This book focusses on power quality improvement and enhancement techniques with aid of intelligent controllers and experimental results. It covers topics ranging from the fundamentals of power quality indices, mitigation methods, advanced controller design and its step by step approach, simulation of the proposed controllers for real time applications and its corresponding experimental results, performance improvement paradigms and its overall analysis, which helps readers understand power quality from its fundamental to experimental implementations. The book also covers implementation of power quality improvement practices. Key Features Provides solution for the power quality improvement with intelligent techniques Incorporated and Illustrated with simulation and experimental results Discusses renewable energy integration and multiple case studies pertaining to various loads Combines the power quality literature with power electronics based solutions Includes implementation examples, datasets, experimental and simulation procedures