Control of Breathing and Its Modeling Perspective

The fifth Oxford Conference was held on September 17th-19th, 1991, at the Fuji Institute of Training in Japan -the first time that the meeting has taken place in the Asian area. The facts that only a relatively few Japanese had attended previous Oxford Conferences and that Japan is far from other regions with possible participants made the organizers anticipate a small attendance at the meeting. However, contrary to our expectations, 198 active members (72 foreign and 126 domestic participants) submitted 146 papers from 15 countries. This was far beyond our preliminary estimate and could have caused problems in providing accommodation for the participants and in programming their scientific presentations. These difficulties, however, were successfully overcome by using nearby hotels, by telecasting presentations into a second lecture room and by displaying a substantial number of poster presentations during the whole period of the meeting. The meeting had two types of sessions: regular and current topics. The first paper in each session represented a shon overview or introduction so as to make it easier for the audience to comprehend the problems at issue. Because of the large number of papers submitted, carefully selected speakers (mostly well-known scholars) made excellent presentations that were followed by lively discussions. In this way, the conference laid a foundation on which to base its continued scientific success. Front Matter....Pages i-xii Modelling Pioneer: Fred S. Grodins (1915–1989)....Pages 1-6 Maintenance of the Respiratory Rhythm during Normoxia and Hypoxia....Pages 7-13 Raphe Magnus-Induced Inhibition of Medullary and Spinal Respiratory Activities in the Cat....Pages 15-23 Cranial Nerve and Phrenic Respiratory Rhythmicity during Changes in Chemical Stimuli in the Anesthetized Rat....Pages 25-32 Possible Implication of N. Parabrachialis in Opioid-Mediated Respiratory Suppression Induced by Thin-Fiber Muscular Afferents....Pages 33-41 Synaptic and Non-Synaptic Control of Membrane Potential Fluctuations in Bulbar Respiratory Neurons of Cats....Pages 43-50 Nonlinear Dynamics of a Model of the Central Respiratory Pattern Generator....Pages 51-55 Phase-Dependent Transient Responses of Respiratory Motor Activities following Perturbation of the Cycle....Pages 57-60 Lower Lumbar and Sacral Projections of Caudal Medullary Expiratory Neurons in the Cat....Pages 61-64 Reflex Control of Respiratory Activity (Short Overview)....Pages 65-70 Acid Infusion Elicits Thromboxane-Mediated Cardio-Respiratory Effects....Pages 71-74 Respiratory Effects of “Renzhong Xue” in Rabbits....Pages 75-78 Effects of Hypercapnia on Nasal Reflex Responses Elicited by Nasal Insufflation of Isoflurane in Lightly-Anesthetized Humans....Pages 79-82 Electrophysiological and Anatomical Studies of the Second Order Neurons in the Reflex Pathway from Pulmonary Rapidly Adapting Receptors in the Cat....Pages 83-86 Laryngeal Afferent Activity and its Role in the Control of Breathing....Pages 87-90 Short Overview: Carotid Body Activities in Man....Pages 91-98 Dynamical Analysis of the Ventilatory Response to Changes in Peto 2 : Separation of Central and Peripheral Effects....Pages 99-106 Single Breath Tests of the Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide: Experimental and Modelling Results....Pages 107-114 Ventilatory Responses to Respiratory and Acute Metabolic Acidosis in Man....Pages 115-118 Role of Cl - -HCO 3 - Exchanger and Anion Channel in the Cat Carotid Body Function....Pages 119-122 A Mathematical Model of the Ventilatory Response to a Period of Sustained Isocapnic Hypoxia in Humans....Pages 123-126 Carbon Dioxide — Essential Ingredient for in vivo Carotid Body Chemotransduction....Pages 127-130 Hypoxic Depression of Respiration....Pages 131-136 Identification of Closed-Loop Chemoreflex Dynamics Using Pseudorandom Stimuli....Pages 137-142 Lack of Ventilatory Reaction to Endogenous and Exogenous Metabolic Brain-Stem Acidosis....Pages 143-146 Synchronization of Respiratory Rhythm with Mechanical Ventilation by Respiratory CO 2 Oscillations in Vagotomized Dogs....Pages 147-150 Factors Influencing Day to Day Variability of Human Ventilatory Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide....Pages 151-154 Respiratory-Associated Firing of Midbrain and Thalamic Neurons: Possible Relation to Sensation of Dyspnea....Pages 155-162 Where is the Cortical Representation of the Diaphragm in Man?....Pages 163-166 Dyspnea and Respiratory Compensation Response to Resistive Loading in Elderly Humans....Pages 167-170 Redundancy Structures in Respiratory Control....Pages 171-177 Chemical and Non-Chemical Contributions to Breathing in Man, Awake and Asleep....Pages 179-182 Does Sustained Hypoxia Have Biphasic Effects on the Sensation of Dyspnea?....Pages 183-186 Overview: Role of Neurochemicals and Hormones....Pages 187-196 The Role of Endogenous Opioids in the Ventilatory Response to Sustained Respiratory Loads....Pages 197-204 Significance of Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurochemicals in Hypoxic Chemotransmission of the Carotid Body....Pages 205-212 Role of Serotonin in Airway Patency: Physiological and Morphological Evidence for Serotoninergic Inputs to Laryngeal Inspiratory Motoneurons....Pages 213-220 Effects of Testosterone on Hypoxic Ventilatory and Carotid Body Neural Responsiveness....Pages 221-224 Effect of Theophylline on Brain Acid-Base Status during Normoxia and Hypoxia in Humans....Pages 225-228 Asymmetrical Transients of Cardiorespiratory Variables in Response to Ascending and Descending Ramp Forcings of Exercise Load....Pages 229-236 Dynamic Asymmetries of Ventilation and Pulmonary Gas Exchange during On- and Off-Transients of Heavy Exercise in Humans....Pages 237-243 The Effect of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Ventilation during Recovery from Moderate and Heavy Exercise....Pages 245-253 On the Fractal Nature of Breath-by-Breath Variation in Ventilation during Dynamic Exercise....Pages 255-262 The Time Course of Mixed Venous Blood Gas Composition following Exercise Onset....Pages 263-266 Humoral Aspects of the Ventilatory Reactions to Exercise by Flux Inhalation of Carbon Dioxide....Pages 267-270 Nonlinear Dynamics Of Cardiopulmonary Responses during Exercise....Pages 271-274 Ventilatory Response at the Onset of Passive Exercise during Sleep in Man....Pages 275-278 Ventilatory Responses to Ascending and Descending Ramp Changes in Inspired CO2....Pages 279-282 Effect of Femoral Blood Flow Occlusion and Release on Ventilation during Exercise and Recovery....Pages 283-286 Introduction: Depression of Ventilation by Hypoxia - A Comparison of the Phenomenon in Anaesthetized Cats and Conscious Humans....Pages 287-290 The Effects of Dopamine on the Ventilatory Response to Sustained Hypoxia in Humans....Pages 291-298 Effects of Varying End-Tidal P O2 on Hypoxic Ventilatory Decline in Humans....Pages 299-302 Developmental Aspects of the Central Effects of Hypoxia....Pages 303-306 Modulation of Respiration by Brain Hypoxia....Pages 307-310 Respiratory Depression following Acute Hypoxia in Vagotomized and Carotid Sinus Nerve Denervated Cats....Pages 311-314 Respiratory and Postural Suppression by Stimulation of the Midpontine Dorsal Tegmentum in Decerebrate Cats....Pages 315-322 The Role of Ventral Group Neurons in the Respiratory Depression during Carbachol-Induced Rem Sleep Atonia....Pages 323-330 Control of Breathing in Copd-Patients With Sleep Hypopnea; Effects of Acetazolamide and Chlormadinone Acetate....Pages 331-335 Serial Submental Stimulation during Sleep in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea....Pages 337-340 Effects of Viscoelastic Properties of Respiratory System on Respiratory Dynamics....Pages 341-345 Influence of Age on Ventilatory Pattern during Exercise....Pages 347-350 Abdominal Muscle Function with Change in Posture or CO 2 Rebreathing in Humans.....Pages 351-354 Subacute Effects of Denervation on Rat Hemidiaphragm....Pages 355-358 β-Endorphins-Based Inhibitory Component of the Mechanism of Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia....Pages 359-366 Phosphoinositides and Signal Transduction in the Cat Carotid Body....Pages 367-370 Introduction: Optimization Hypothesis in the Control of Breathing....Pages 371-384 Effects of Changes in Ventilatory Pattern during Altitude Acclimatization....Pages 385-392 Optimal Control Analysis of the Breathing Pattern by Using the Wbrepat Computer Software....Pages 393-396 A Model for the Contribution of Lung Receptors to the Control of Breathing: Positive and Negative Feed-Backs....Pages 397-400 New Results in System Identification....Pages 401-404 Effects of Changes in Breathing Pattern on the Sensation of Dyspnea during Inspiratory Loaded Breathing....Pages 405-408 Introduction: Role of Potassium in Exercise Hyperpnoea....Pages 409-416 Acid-Base Regulation and Ventilatory Control during Exercise and Recovery in Man....Pages 417-424 Influence of Body CO 2 Stores on Ventilatory-Metabolic Coupling During Exercise....Pages 425-431 Respiration in Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia: Role of Peripheral Chemoreceptors....Pages 433-440 Carotid Body Chemotransduction....Pages 441-445 Altitude Acclimatization and Hypoxic Ventilatory Depression: Lowlanders and Highlanders....Pages 447-450 Serial Changes in Acute Hypoxic and Hypercapnic Ventilatory Responses during High Altitiude Acclimatization....Pages 451-454 Abnormal Breathing Pattern and Oxygen Desaturation during Sleep at High Altitude....Pages 455-458 Back Matter....Pages 459-461