Respiratory Control : A Modeling Perspective

The fourth Oxford Conference entitled "Control of Breathing: A Model ing Perspective" was held in September of 1988 at Grand Lake, Colorado. Grand Lake, also called Spirit Lake, was chosen for the fourth meet i ng so as to continue the meditative atmosphere of the previ ous meetings and to put the conference on a new higher plane (8,500 feet). The weather, as promised, exhibited its random-like rain showers. The snow report became essential for traveling the 12,000 foot passes to and from Grand Lake. Even the servi ces such as telephone and elect ri city proved to be uncertain. In all, the overall atmosphere of Spirit Lake contributed to an uninhibited free-style of presentation and interaction. All of us who attend the Oxford Conferences share a common interest in exploring respiratory control and the regulation of breathing. Modeling has become an adjunct to our exploration process. For us, models are tools that extend our ability to conceptualize just as instruments are tools that extend our ability to measure. And so these meetings attract physicians, physiologists, mathematicians and engineers who are modelers and modelers who are engineers, mathematicians, physiologists and physicians. Four of these physician-modelers have now passed away. They have been very important mentors for many of us. J. W. Bellville was my Ph.D. dissertation advisor at Stanford who introduced me to the intrigue of respiratory control. G. F. Filley was my colleague at the University of Colorado who enhanced my thinking about respiratory control. E. S. Front Matter....Pages i-xv Introductory Address: Oxford and Yale Physiologists in Colorado in 1911....Pages 1-9 Does Arterial Plasma Potassium Contribute to Exercise Hyperpnoea?....Pages 11-20 Regulation of Alveolar Ventilation and Arterial Blood Gases During Exercise....Pages 21-32 Evidence for Possible ‘Cardiogenic’ Respiratory Drives in Exercising Man....Pages 33-42 The Validity of the Cardiodynamic Hypothesis for Exercise Hyperpnea in Man....Pages 43-52 Neurogenic and Cardiodynamic Drives in the Early Phase of Exercise Hyperpnea in Man....Pages 53-62 The Effect of Exercise on the Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptor Thresholds to Carbon Dioxide in Man....Pages 63-70 Modelling the Ventilatory Response to Pulses of Inhaled Carbon Dioxide in Exercise....Pages 71-80 Control of Ventilation During Heavy Exercise in Man....Pages 81-90 Estimating Arterial PCO 2 from Flow-Weighted and Time-Average Alveolar PCO 2 During Exercise....Pages 91-99 The Effect of Exercise Intensity on the Linearity of Ventilatory and Gas Exchange Responses to Exercise....Pages 101-109 On Smoothing Gas Exchange Data and Estimation of the Ventilatory Threshold....Pages 111-119 Kinetics of Oxygen Uptake Studied with Two Different Pseudorandom Binary Sequences....Pages 121-130 Gas-Exchange Inferences for the Proportionality of the Cardiopulmonary Responses During Phase 1 of Exercise....Pages 131-135 On Modelling Alveolar Oxygen Uptake Kinetics....Pages 137-146 A General-Purpose Model for Investigating Dynamic Cardiopulmonary Responses During Exercise....Pages 147-153 Lactate Balance During Low Levels of Exercise....Pages 155-164 Oxygen Kinetics in the Elderly....Pages 165-170 Breath-By-Breath Gas Exchange: Data Collection and Analysis....Pages 171-178 Increased Arterial Potassium Levels May Contribute to the Drive to Breathe at Very High Altitude....Pages 179-190 Hypoxia >25 Years After Carotid Body Resection Causes More Tachycardia Although Less Hyperventilation than in Controls....Pages 191-200 The Transients in Ventilation Arising from a Period of Hypoxia at Near Normal and Raised Levels of End-Tidal CO 2 in Man....Pages 201-205 Asymmetry in the Ventilatory Response to a Bout of Hypoxia in Human Beings....Pages 207-216 Studies on Exercise Hyperpnea in Relation with Hypoxic Ventilatory Chemosensitivity Measured at Rest....Pages 217-223 Dynamics of the Ventilatory Controller and Hypoxic Stimulation in Man....Pages 225-234 Building Dynamic Models of the Control of Breathing During Hypoxia....Pages 235-244 Evidence in Man to Suggest Interaction Between the Peripheral and Central Chemoreceptors....Pages 245-254 Modelling the Dynamic Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide in Healthy Human Subjects During Normoxia....Pages 255-263 Dynamics of the Peripheral Chemoreflex Loop Following Acute Acid-Base Disturbances in Cats....Pages 265-273 3-D Theory of Respiration: The Steady-State Case....Pages 275-283 Inhaled CO2 as a Constant Fraction in Inspired Air and as Early-Inspired Pulses....Pages 285-297 Adaptive Multivariate Autoregressive Modelling of Respiratory Cycle Variables....Pages 299-307 Factors Inducing Periodic Breathing in Man During Acclimatization to Chronic Hypoxia....Pages 309-316 A Model of Respiratory Variability During Non-Rem Sleep....Pages 317-326 The Use of Deep Non-Rem Sleep to Study the Pattern of Breathing in the Absence of Any Forebrain Influences....Pages 327-336 Modelling the Breath by Breath Variability in Respiratory Data....Pages 337-341 Is the Respiratory Rhythm Multistable in Man?....Pages 343-352 Ventilatory Responses to Short Carotid Sinus Pressure Stimuli: Interpretation Using a Model of Rhythm Generation....Pages 353-359 Comparison of Unification Techniques for Inconstant Intervals of Breath-By-Breath Sequence....Pages 361-368 Phase Resetting of Respiratory Rhythm Studied in a Model of a Limit-Cycle Oscillator: Influence of Stochastic Processes....Pages 369-378 Intracycle Relationship Between Successive Phases of the Respiration: A New Modelling Assumption....Pages 379-388 Is Respiratory Period Spectrum Characteristic of State, Individual, Sex and Species?....Pages 389-398 Isopnoeic Analyses of Human Steady-State Flow Profiles....Pages 399-408 In Favour of an ‘Holistic’ Approach to the Analysis of the Pattern of Breathing....Pages 409-415 Vagal Control on Exercise-Induced Hyperpnea in Conscious Dogs....Pages 417-421 Expiratory Activity Recorded During Exercise from Human M. Biceps Brachii Reinnervated by Internal Intercostal Nerves....Pages 423-429 Recruitment and Frequency Coding of Diaphragm Motor Units During Ventilatory and Non-Ventilatory Behaviors....Pages 431-439 Supraspinal Descending Control of Propriospinal Respiratory Neurons in the Cat....Pages 441-450 Back Matter....Pages 451-459 ....Pages 461-463