Cosmology

This book is unique in the detailed, self-contained, and comprehensive treatment that it gives to the ideas and formulas that are used and tested in modern cosmological research. It divides into two parts, each of which provides enough material for a one-semester graduate course. The first part deals chiefly with the isotropic and homogeneous average universe; the second part concentrates on the departures from the average universe. Throughout the book the author presents detailed analytic calculations of cosmological phenomena, rather than just report results obtained elsewhere by numerical computation. The book is up to date, and gives detailed accounts of topics such as recombination, microwave background polarization, leptogenesis, gravitational lensing, structure formation, and multifield inflation, that are usually treated superficially if at all in treatises on cosmology. Copious references to current research literature are supplied. Appendices include a brief introduction to general relativity, and a detailed derivation of the Boltzmann equation for photons and neutrinos used in calculations of cosmological evolution. Also provided is an assortment of problems. 0198526822......Page 1 CONTENTS......Page 12 1 THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE......Page 20 1.1 Spacetime geometry......Page 21 1.2 The cosmological redshift......Page 29 1.3 Distances at small redshift: The Hubble constant......Page 32 Trigonometric parallax......Page 33 Proper motions......Page 34 Apparent luminosity: Main sequence, red clump stars, RR Lyrae stars, eclipsing binaries, Cepheid variables......Page 36 Tully–Fisher relation......Page 44 Type Ia supernovae......Page 46 Surface brightness fluctuations......Page 48 1.4 Luminosity distances and angular diameter distances......Page 50 1.5 Dynamics of expansion......Page 53 1.6 Distances at large redshifts: Accelerated expansion......Page 64 1.7 Cosmic expansion or tired light?......Page 76 Heavy element abundance......Page 78 Main sequence turn-off......Page 81 1.9 Masses......Page 84 Virialized clusters of galaxies: Ω[sub(M)]......Page 85 X-ray luminosity of clusters of galaxies: Ω[sub(B)]/Ω[sub(M)]......Page 89 1.10 Intergalactic absorption......Page 94 1.11 Number counts......Page 101 1.12 Quintessence......Page 108 1.13 Horizons......Page 117 2.1 Expectations and discovery of the microwave background......Page 120 2.2 The equilibrium era......Page 128 2.3 Recombination and last scattering......Page 132 2.4 The dipole anisotropy......Page 148 2.5 The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect......Page 151 2.6 Primary fluctuations in the microwave background: A first look......Page 154 3.1 Thermal history......Page 168 3.2 Cosmological nucleosynthesis......Page 178 3.3 Baryonsynthesis and Leptonsynthesis......Page 192 3.4 Cold dark matter......Page 204 Axions & axinos......Page 216 4 INFLATION......Page 220 Flatness......Page 221 Horizons......Page 224 Monopoles......Page 225 4.2 Slow-roll inflation......Page 227 4.3 Chaotic inflation, eternal inflation......Page 235 5.1 Field equations......Page 238 Scalar modes......Page 245 Tensor modes......Page 246 5.2 Fourier decomposition and stochastic initial conditions......Page 247 5.3 Choosing a gauge......Page 254 Newtonian gauge......Page 258 Synchronous gauge......Page 259 5.4 Conservation outside the horizon......Page 264 6 EVOLUTION OF COSMOLOGICAL FLUCTUATIONS......Page 276 6.1 Scalar perturbations – kinetic theory......Page 277 Baryonic plasma......Page 278 6.2 Scalar perturbations – the hydrodynamic limit......Page 293 6.3 Scalar perturbations – long wavelengths......Page 301 Evolution far outside horizon......Page 302 Evolution in matter-dominated era......Page 303 6.4 Scalar perturbations – short wavelengths......Page 308 Evolution in radiation-dominated era......Page 309 Fast & slow modes......Page 311 Matching......Page 316 6.5 Scalar perturbations – interpolation & transfer functions......Page 322 6.6 Tensor perturbations......Page 331 7.1 General formulas for the temperature fluctuations......Page 348 7.2 Temperature multipole coefficients: Scalar modes......Page 362 7.3 Temperature multipole coefficients: Tensor modes......Page 381 7.4 Polarization......Page 389 8.1 Linear perturbations after recombination......Page 422 8.2 Nonlinear growth......Page 440 8.3 Collapse of baryonic matter......Page 446 9.1 Lens equation for point masses......Page 452 9.2 Magnification: Strong lensing and microlensing......Page 455 9.3 Extended lenses......Page 462 9.4 Time delay......Page 466 9.5 Weak lensing......Page 471 9.6 Cosmic strings......Page 486 10 INFLATION AS THE ORIGIN OF COSMOLOGICAL FLUCTUATIONS......Page 488 10.1 Scalar fluctuations during inflation......Page 489 10.2 Tensor fluctuations during inflation......Page 504 10.3 Fluctuations during inflation: The slow-roll approximation......Page 507 10.4 Multifield inflation......Page 516 A. Some Useful Numbers......Page 528 B. Review of General Relativity......Page 530 C. Energy Transfer between Radiation and Electrons......Page 550 D. The Ergodic Theorem......Page 556 E. Gaussian Distributions......Page 560 F. Newtonian Cosmology......Page 562 G. Photon Polarization......Page 566 H. The Relativistic Boltzmann Equation......Page 570 H......Page 584 S......Page 585 Z......Page 586 ASSORTED PROBLEMS......Page 588 B......Page 594 C......Page 595 F......Page 596 H......Page 597 K......Page 598 M......Page 599 P......Page 600 S......Page 601 W......Page 603 Z......Page 604 C......Page 606 E......Page 607 H......Page 608 M......Page 609 R......Page 610 V......Page 611 X......Page 612 This Is A Uniquely Comprehensive And Detailed Treatment Of The Theoretical And Observational Foundations Of Modern Cosmology, By A Nobel Laureate In Physics. It Gives Up-to-date And Self Contained Accounts Of The Theories And Observations That Have Made The Past Few Decades A Golden Age Of Cosmology. 1. The Expansion Of The Universe. Spacetime Geometry ; The Cosmological Redshift ; Distances At Small Redshift : The Hubble Constant ; Luminosity Distances And Angular Diameter Distances ; Dynamics Of Expansion ; Distances At Large Redshifts : Accelerated Expansion ; Cosmic Expansion Or Tired Light? ; Ages ; Masses ; Intergalactic Absorption ; Number Counts ; Quintessence ; Horizons -- 2. The Cosmic Microwave Radiation Background. Expectations And Discovery Of The Microwave Background ; The Equilibrium Era ; Recombination And Last Scattering ; The Dipole Anisotropy ; The Sunyaev-zel'dovich Effect ; Primary Fluctuations In The Microwave Background : A First Look -- 3. The Early Universe. Thermal History ; Cosmological Nucleosynthesis ; Baryonsynthesis And Leptonsynthesis ; Cold Dark Matter -- 4. Inflation. Three Puzzles ; Slow-roll Inflation ; Chaotic Inflation, Eternal Inflation -- 5. General Theory Of Small Fluctuations. Field Equations ; Fourier Decomposition And Stochastic Initial Conditions ; Choosing A Gauge ; Conservation Outside The Horizon -- 6. Evolution Of Cosmological Fluctuations, Scalar Perturbations : Kinetic Theory ; Scalar Perturbations : The Hydrodynamic Limit ; Scalar Perturbations : Long Wavelengths ; Scalar Perturbations : Short Wavelengths ; Scalar Perturbations : Interpolation & Transfer Functions ; Tensor Perturbations -- 7. Anisotropies In The Microwave Sky. General Formulas For The Temperature Flucations ; Temperature Multipole Coefficients : Scalar Modes ; Temperature Multipole Coefficients : Tensor Modes ; Polarization -- 8. The Growth Of Structure. Linear Perturbations After Recombination ; Nonlinear Growth ; Collapse Of Baryonic Matter -- 9. Gravitational Lenses. Lens Equation For Point Masses ; Magnification : Strong Lensing And Microlensing ; Extended Lenses ; Time Delay ; Weak Lensing ; Cosmic Strings -- 10. Inflation As The Origin Of Cosmological Fluctuations. Scalar Fluctuations During Inflation ; Tensor Fluctuations During Inflation ; Fluctuations During Inflation : The Slow-roll Approximation ; Multifield Inflation -- Appendices. A. Some Useful Numbers ; B. Review Of General Relativity ; C. Energy Transfer Between Radiation And Electrons ; D. The Ergodic Theorem ; E. Gaussian Distributions ; F. Newtonian Cosmology ; G. Photon Polarization ; H. The Relativistic Boltzmann Equation -- Glossary Of Symbols -- Assorted Problems. Steven Weinberg. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. "This book is unique in the detailed, self-contained, and comprehensive treatment that it gives to the ideas and formulas that are used and tested in modern cosmological research. It divides into two parts, each of which provides enough material for a one-semester graduate course. The first part deals chiefly with the isotropic and homogeneous average universe; the second part concentrates on the departures from the average universe. Throughout the book the author presents detailed analytic calculations of cosmological phenomena, rather than just report results obtained elsewhere by numerical computation. The book is up to date, and gives detailed accounts of topics such as recombination, microwave background polarization, leptogenesis, gravitational lensing, structure formation, and multifield inflation, that are often treated superficially if at all in treatises on cosmology. Copious references to current research literature are supplied. Appendices include a brief introduction to general relativity, and a detailed derivation of the Boltzmann equation for photons and neutrinos used in calculations of cosmological evolution. Also provided is an assortment of problems."--[Memento] This is a uniquely comprehensive and detailed treatment of the theoretical and observational foundations of modern cosmology, by a Nobel Laureate in Physics. It gives up-to-date and self contained accounts of the theories and observations that have made the past few decades a golden age of cosmology. - ;This book is unique in the detailed, self-contained, and comprehensive treatment that it gives to the ideas and formulas that are used and tested in modern cosmological research. It divides into two parts, each of which provides enough material for a one-semester graduate course. The first part