Diesel Engine Reference Book

The Diesel Engine Reference Book, Second Edition, is a comprehensive work covering the design and application of diesel engines of all sizes. The first edition was published in 1984 and since that time the diesel engine has made significant advances in application areas from passenger cars and light trucks through to large marine vessels. The Diesel Engine Reference Book systematically covers all aspects of diesel engineering, from thermodynamics theory and modelling to condition monitoring of engines in service. It ranges through subjects of long-term use and application to engine designers, developers and users of the most ubiquitous mechanical power source in the world. The latest edition leaves few of the original chapters untouched. The technical changes of the past 20 years have been enormous and this is reflected in the book. The essentials however, remain the same and the clarity of the original remains. Contributors to this well-respected work include some of the most prominent and experienced engineers from the UK, Europe and the USA. Most types of diesel engines from most applications are represented, from the smallest air-cooled engines, through passenger car and trucks, to marine engines. The approach to the subject is essentially practical, and even in the most complex technological language remains straightforward, with mathematics used only where necessary and then in a clear fashion. The approach to the topics varies to suit the needs of different readers. Some areas are covered in both an overview and also in some detail. Many drawings, graphs and photographs illustrate the 30 chapters and a large easy to use index provides convenient access to any information the readers requires. Front Matter 2 Foreword 4 Preface to the Second Edition 6 Preface to the First Edition 7 Contributors 8 Part I. Theory 11 1. The Theory of Compression Ignition Engines 12 1.1 Introduction 13 1.1.1 Historical 13 1.1.2 Classifications 13 1.2 Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines 13 1.2.1 Two-Stroke Engines 14 1.2.2 Four-Stroke Engines 15 1.2.3 Evaluation of Power Output of Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines 15 1.2.4 Other Operating Parameters 16 1.3 Air Standard Cycles: Constant Pressure - Constant Volume - Dual Combustion 17 1.3.1 Theoretical Expressions for Air Standard Cycles 17 1.3.2 Further Comments on Air Standard Cycles 21 1.4 Basic Thermodynamics of Real Gases 22 1.4.1 Gas Properties 22 1.4.2 Combustion 23 1.4.3 Dissociation and Reaction Kinetics 25 1.5 Real Diesel Engine Cyclic Processes 25 1.5.1 Closed Period 25 1.5.2 Open Period 27 1.6 Detailed Cycle Analysis Methods 29 1.6.1 Closed Period 29 1.6.2 Open Period (Gas Exchange Process) 30 1.6.3 Completion of Calculation Sequence 33 References 33 2. The Theory of Turbocharging 35 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Turbocharging 37 2.2.1 Turbochargers for Automotive Diesel Engines 37 2.2.2 Small Industrial and Marine Engine Turbochargers 40 2.2.3 Large Industrial and Marine Engine Turbochargers 41 2.3 Turbocharger Performance 42 2.3.1 Compressor and Turbine Efficiency 42 2.3.2 Non-Dimensional Representation of Compressor and Turbine Characteristics 44 2.3.3 Compressor Performance 45 2.3.4 Turbine Performance 45 2.4 Turbocharging Systems - Principles 47 2.4.1 The Energy in the Exhaust System 47 2.4.2 Principles of Constant Pressure Turbocharging 48 2.4.3 Principles of Pulse Turbocharging 51 2.4.4 Principles of Pulse Converter and Other Turbocharging Systems 60 2.5 Charge Air Cooling -1 2.5.1 Charge Cooling Principles -1 2.5.2 Charge Air Cooling and Engine Performance 64 2.6 Turbocharger Matching 66 2.6.1 Introduction 66 2.6.2 Air Flow Characteristics of Engine and Turbocharger 68 2.6.3 Matching for Constant Speed Operation 69 2.6.4 Matching the Marine Engine 70 2.6.5 Matching for Diesel-Electric Traction 71 2.6.6 Matching for Other Industrial Duties 72 2.6.7 Matching the Four-Stroke Vehicle Engine 72 2.6.8 Matching the Two-Stroke Vehicle Engine 74 2.7 Changes in Ambient Conditions 76 2.7.1 Introduction 76 2.7.2 Operation under Changing Ambient Conditions 76 2.7.3 Rematching to Suit Local Ambient Conditions 77 2.8 Closure 77 References 78 Acknowledgements 78 Nomenclature 78 3. Compound and Other Engine Systems 79 3.1 Introduction 80 3.2 Gas Generator and Compound Schemes Compared with the Turbocharged Engine 80 3.3 Analysis of Turbocharged and Compound Engine Systems Based on Full Cycle Simulation 81 3.3.1 Analysis Based on Compression and Expansion Machines with Fixed Polytropic Efficiencies of 85% and 80%, Respectively 81 3.3.2 Analysis Based on Fully Modelled System, Including Compressor, Turbine and Cooler Characteristics 83 3.4 Other Compounded or Related Engine Schemes 86 3.4.1 The Differential Compound Engine (DCE) 86 3.4.2 The Differentially Supercharged Diesel Engine (DDE) 88 3.5 Other Turbocharged or Pressure Charging Systems 89 3.5.1 Two-Stage Turbocharging 89 3.5.2 Variable Geometry Turbocharging 90 3.5.3 The Pressure Wave Supercharger 91 References 92 4. Diesel Combustion and Fuels 93 4.1 Diesel Combustion 94 4.1.1 Basic Combustion Theory 94 4.1.2 Ignition Delay 95 4.1.3 Mixing Controlled Combustion 96 4.1.4 Combustion System Design 97 4.1.5 Analysis of Cylinder Pressure Data 99 4.2 Diesel Fuels 101 4.2.1 Hydrocarbon Types 101 4.2.2 Petroleum-Derived Fuels 102 4.2.3 Diesel Fuel Properties 103 4.2.4 Diesel Fuel Quality Issues 105 4.2.5 Diesel Fuel Specifications 105 4.2.6 Alternative Fuels 106 References 107 5. Thermal Loading 108 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Gross Heat Losses 109 5.3 Prediction of Local Heat Flows 109 5.4 Heat Transfer at Coolant Side 111 5.4.1 Stationary Surfaces - Cylinder Head and Liner 111 5.4.2 Moving Components - Pistons 114 5.4.3 Establishing Temperature Maps 115 5.5 Thermal Stress 115 5.5.1 Thermal Stress Failures 115 5.5.2 Materials 115 5.5.3 Strongbacked Constructions 116 5.5.4 Calculation of Thermal Stress 116 5.6 Limiting Conditions in Operation 117 5.6.1 To Meet Lubrication Requirements 117 5.6.2 For Thermal Strength 118 5.6.3 Fuel Injector 118 5.7 Designing to Meet Thermal Requirements 118 5.7.1 Cylinder Head 118 5.7.2 Cylinder Liner 120 5.7.3 Piston Design 120 5.7.4 Injector Cooling 120 5.8 Measurement of Local Temperature Gradients and Heat Fluxes 121 5.8.1 Fixed Thermocouples 122 5.8.2 Traversing Thermocouples 122 5.8.3 Hardness Recovery Methods 122 5.8.4 Fusible Plugs 122 5.9 Exhaust Valves and Seats 122 Acknowledgements 122 References 122 Part II. Engine Design Practice 124 6. Thermodynamic Mathematical Modelling 125 6.1 Introduction 126 6.2 Fundamentals and the Energy Equation 126 6.3 Gas Properties 128 6.4 Pipe Flows, Valves, Throttles and Flow Restrictions 130 6.5 Turbomachinery and Charge Air Coolers 133 6.6 The Cylinder -1 6.7 Injection and Combustion 138 6.8 Heal Transfer and Friction 140 6.9 Model Results and Engine Performance 143 6.10 Transient Modelling 144 6.11 Other Engine Components 145 6.11.1 Turbomachinery 145 6.11.2 Control Valves 146 6.11.3 Indirect Injection and Other Fuelling Methods 146 6.11.4 Two-Stroke Engines 147 6.12 Energy Equation, Gas Properties and Combustion Extensions 147 6.13 Gas Dynamics 148 References 150 7. Computational Fluid Dynamics 151 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 Model Description 152 7.2.1 Gas-Phase Modelling 152 7.2.2 Liquid-Phase Modelling 153 7 2.3 Ignition, Combustion and Emissions 156 7.3 Applications 158 7.3.1 Modelling the Gas-Exchange Process 158 7.3.2 Combustion and Emissions Model Validation 160 7.3.3 Effect of Multiple Injections 163 7.3.4 Use of CFD in Engine Design 165 7.4 Summary and Conclusions 165 Acknowledgements 166 References 166 Nomenclature 168 8. Modern Control in Diesel Engine Management 169 8.1 What Is the Purpose of Control 170 8.1.1 Fundamental Components 170 8.1.2 The Structure of a Control System 170 8.1.3 The Shape of the Future - Model-Based Control 171 8.2 The Context of Engine Control 174 8.3 What a Control System Does 174 8.3.1 Sensors for Control 176 8.3.2 Actuators for Control 177 8.4 Current Engine Control Technology 178 8.5 Algorithms for Control 178 8.5.1 Predictors and Filters 183 8.5.2 The Future 183 8.5.3 Modern Control - an Example 183 8.6 Designer's Guide 184 8.6.1 Developing Control Systems 184 8.6.2 General Comments about System Development 185 8.6.3 Specifying Functions 185 References 189 Part III. Engine Sub-Systems 191 9. Inlet and Exhaust Systems 192 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Gas Flow 193 9.3 Four-Stroke Engines 193 9.3.1 Valve Timings 194 9.3.2 Valve Areas 195 9.3.3 Determination of Flow Coefficients 196 9.3.4 Engine Breathing Demands 199 9.3.5 Actual Non-Swirling Port Shapes 199 9.3.6 Swirl Producing Ports 199 9.4 Turbocharging 203 9.5 Two-Stroke Engine Scavenging 203 9.5.1 Cross Scavenging 203 9.5.2 Loop Scavenging 203 9.5.3 Uniflow Scavenging 204 9.5.4 Port Areas and Timings 205 9.6 Silencers 206 References 207 10. Design Layout Options 208 10.1 Introduction 209 10.2 The Balancing of Engines 209 10.2.1 Consideration of the Forces Involved 209 10.2.2 Balance of a Single-Cylinder Engine 212 10.2.3 Two-Cylinder Engines 214 10.2.4 Four-Cylinder in-Line Engines 215 10.2.5 Three-Cylinder Engines 216 10.2.6 Six-Cylinder Engines 217 10.2.7 Vee Engines 217 10.2.8 Two-Stroke Engines 220 10.2.9 Control of Torque Reaction 221 10.3 Torsional Vibration 221 10.3.1 Simple Systems 221 10.3.2 The Solution of Multi-Cylinder Crankshaft Systems 225 10.3.3 Vibration Dampers 232 10.3.4 Torsiographs and Torsional Vibration Tests 235 10.4 General Design Practice and Use of Materials 236 10.4.1 Introduction 236 10.4.2 The Design Process 236 10.4.3 General Properties of Materials 237 10.4.4 Behaviour of Materials under Repeated Loads - Fatigue 238 10.4.5 Typical Materials Used in Production 242 References 250 11. Fuel Injection Systems 251 11.1 Introduction 252 11.2 Diesel Fuel Injection Systems - Lucas Diesel Systems 252 11.2.1 Compression Ignition Combustion Processes 252 11.2.2 Formation of Nitric Oxide by Lean Combustion 255 11.2.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons 255 11.2.4 Origins of Noise in Diesel Combustion Processes 256 11.2.5 Particulate Emissions 256 11.2.6 Traditional Jerk Pump 257 11.2.7 Unit Injectors 258 11.2.8 DP Rotary Distributor Pumps 258 11.2.9 Electronically Controlled Rotary Pumps (EPIC) 261 11.2.10 Advanced Rotary Distributor Pumps 262 11.2.11 Control of Rate of Injection with Conventional FIE 263 11.2.12 Lubrication of Fuel Injection Components 265 11.2.13 Common Rail Systems 265 11.2.14 Integrated Fuel Injection Systems 266 11.2.15 Summary 268 11.2.16 Acknowledgement 269 11.3 Diesel fuel injection systems-Robert Bosch Corp. 269 11.3.1 Fuel-injection systems 269 11.3.2 Fuel-injection techniques 269 11.3.3 Pump-and-barrel assemblies (pumping elements) 271 11.3.4 Standard PE in-line injection pumps 274 11.3.5 PE in-line injection pumps for alternative fuels 279 11.3.6 In-line control sleeve fuel-injection pumps 280 11.3.7 Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) 281 11.3.8 Bosch—Single-plunger fuel-injection pumps 283 11.3.9 Innovative fuel-injection systems 285 11.3.10 Peripheral equipment for diesel fuel-injection systems 286 11.3.11 Bosch—Distributor injection pumps VE 289 11.4 Diesel fuel injection systems-Caterpillar Inc. 290 11.4.1 Caterpillar's Hydraulically-actuated Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI) fuel system 291 11.4.2 Next generation: HEUI-B 293 References 293 12. Lubrication and Lubricating Oils 295 12.1 Introduction 296 12.2 Lubricating Oils 296 12.2.1 Mineral Oils 296 12.2.2 Synthetic Oils 297 12.3 Viscosity - Its Significance in Lubrication 297 12.3.1 Viscosity and Coefficient of Friction 297 12.3.2 Viscosity Measurement and Units 298 12.3.3 Change in Viscosity with Temperature and Pressure 298 12.3.4 Viscosity Classification 298 12.3.5 Low-Temperature Viscosity and Ease of Starting 299 12.3.6 Viscosity at Running Temperatures; Friction Losses and Oil Consumption 300 12.4 Additives 300 12.5 Oil Deterioration 300 12.6 Operational Problems 302 12.6.1 Piston Deposits 302 12.6.2 Engine Wear 302 12.6.3 Bearing Corrosion 303 12.6.4 Sludge 303 12.7 API Classification 303 12.8 Engine Tests and Associated Specifications 303 12.8.1 Engine Test Rating 310 12.9 Laboratory Inspection Tests 310 12.10 Spot Tests 313 Acknowledgement 313 References 314 Abbreviations 314 13. Bearings and Bearing Metals 315 13.1 Introduction 316 13.2 Bearing Design 316 13.2.1 Wall Thickness 316 13.2.2 Interference Fit 316 13.2.3 Locating Tangs 317 13.2.4 Free Spread 317 13.2.5 Loading on Crankpin and Main Bearings 318 13.2.6 Prediction of Oil Film Thickness 318 13.2.7 Grooving Configuration 319 13.2.8 Clearance 320 13.3 Bearing Damage 320 13.3.1 Abrasion 320 13.3.2 Fatigue 321 13.3.3 Corrosion 321 13.3.4 Wiping 322 13.3.5 Cavitation 322 13.3.6 Fretting 322 13.3.7 Design Faults 322 13.3.8 Incorrect Assembly 323 13.3.9 Environmental Factors 323 13.3.10 Geometric Factors 324 13.4 Slow-Speed Engine Crosshead Bearings 324 13.5 Bearing Metals 325 13.5.1 Fatigue Strength 325 13.5.2 Scuff Resistance 325 13.5.3 Wear Resistance 326 13.5.4 Cavitation Erosion Resistance 326 13.5.5 Overlays 326 13.5.6 White Metals 327 13.5.7 Copper-Lead and Lead-Bronze Alloys 328 13.5.8 Aluminium-Tin Alloys 329 13.5.9 Aluminium-Silicon Alloys 330 References 330 14. Pistons, Rings and Liners 331 14.1 Introduction 332 14.2 Pistons 332 14.2.1 Introduction 332 14.2.2 Piston Loading 332 14.2.3 Piston Design 333 14.2.4 Piston Types 335 14.2.5 Gudgeon Pins 339 14.2.6 Piston Design Analysis 340 14.3 Rings 341 14.3.1 Introduction 341 14.3.2 Ring Design 342 14.3.3 Ring Types 343 14.3.4 Ring Packs 345 14.3.5 Ring Materials 345 14.3.6 Ring Coatings 346 14.3.7 Oil Consumption and Blow-by 347 14.3.8 Scuffing 347 14.3.9 Ring Research 347 14.4 Liners 348 14.4.1 Introduction 348 14.4.2 Dry Liners 348 14.4.3 Wet Liners 349 14.4.4 Liner Shape and Surface Finish 349 14.4.5 Material 349 14.4.6 Bore Polish 350 References 351 15. Auxiliaries 353 15.1 Governors and Governor Gear 354 15.1.1 Introduction 354 15.1.2 Basic Principles 354 15.1.3 Basic Governing Terms 356 15.1.4 Typical Governors 357 15.1.5 Application Requirements and Governor Selection 365 15.1.6 Typical Applications 366 15.1.7 Conclusion -1 15.2 Starting Gear and Starting Aids -1 15.2.1 Introduction -1 15.2.2 Unaided Cold Starting Ability -1 15.2.3 Improving the Unaided Cold Starting Ability 369 15.2.4 Engine Cranking Requirements 370 15.2.5 Methods of Starting 371 15.2.6 Starting Aids 380 15.3 Heat Exchangers -1 15.3.1 Introduction -1 15.3.2 Operating Conditions 384 15.3.3 Water-Cooled Systems 384 15.3.4 Evaporative Systems 387 15.3.5 Temperature Control 387 15.3.6 Air-Cooled Systems 388 15.3.7 Heat Transfer 389 15.3.8 Construction and Design 392 15.3.9 Materials 401 15.3.10 Corrosion 402 15.3.11 Maintenance 402 15.3.12 Water Treatment 403 References 403 16. Aircooled Engines 404 16.1 Introduction 405 16.2 Design Features and Functional Aspects 407 16.2.1 Crankcase 407 16.2.2 Cylinder Unit 407 16.2.3 Heat Exchangers 413 16.2.4 Fan Control 414 16.3 Cooling Fan -1 16.3.1 General Aspects -1 16.3.2 Layout and Design of Axial Fans -1 16.3.3 Stators 417 16.3.4 Fan Noise and Its Reduction 418 16.3.5 Other Design Considerations 419 16.3.6 Manufacturing Considerations 420 16.4 Environmental Aspects 420 16.4.1 Exhaust Emissions 420 16.4.2 Engine Noise 420 16.4.3 Noise Characteristics of Aircooled Engines 420 16.4.4 Noise Attenuation by Secondary Measures 421 16.5 Applications 422 References and Bibliography 426 17. Crankcase Explosions 429 17.1 Introduction 430 17.2 Oil Mist in Crankcases 430 17.3 Explosion Effects 430 17.4 Incidence of Crankcase Explosions 431 17.5 Prevention of Explosions 431 17.6 Design Aspects 431 17.7 Explosion Relief Valves 431 17.8 Crankcase Monitoring Systems 432 17.9 Oil Mist Detectors 432 17.9.1 Graviner Systems 432 17.9.2 Schaller Visatron Systems 433 17.9.3 Location of Sampling Points 434 17.10 Practical Aspects 434 References 434 Part IV. Environmental Aspects 435 18. Exhaust Smoke, Measurement and Regulation 436 18.1 General Considerations 437 18.2 Instrumentation 437 18.2.1 Comparators 437 18.2.2 Filter-Soiling 'Spot' Meters 438 18.2.3 Opacimeters 438 18.3 Calibration and Correlation of Smokemeters 441 18.4 Optical System - Spectral Response 442 18.5 Opacimeter Specifications 442 18.6 Visibility Criterion - Public Objection 443 18.7 Test Methods and Procedures 444 18.8 Typical Smoke Regulations 446 18.8.1 Road Vehicle Applications 446 18.8.2 Regulations Other Than for Road Vehicles 446 18.9 Conclusions - Future Legislation 446 References 446 19. Exhaust Emissions 447 19.1 Introduction 448 19.2 Legislation 448 19.2.1 USA 448 19.2.2 Europe 450 19.2.3 Japan 450 19.2.4 Concluding Remarks 450 19.3 Analysers 450 19.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 451 19.3.2 Carbon Monoxide 451 19.3.3 Nitric Oxide 451 19.3.4 Hydrocarbons 452 19.3.5 Oxygen 452 19.3.6 Particulates 453 19.4 Formation and Control 453 19.4.1 Carbon Dioxide 453 19.4.2 Carbon Monoxide 454 19.4.3 Unburnt Hydrocarbons 454 19.4.4 Nitrogen Oxides 454 19.4.5 Odour 455 19.4.6 Particulates 455 19.5 Unregulated Emissions 456 19.5.1 Aldehydes 456 19.5.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 456 19.5.3 Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 456 19.5.4 Vapour-Phase Hydrocarbons 456 19.5.5 Particle Size 457 19.6 Conclusions 457 Appendix 458 Bibliography 458 20. Engine Noise 460 20.1 Introduction 461 20.2 Theory and Definitions 461 20.2.1 Amplitude 461 20.2.2 Effect of Distance on Sound Pressure Level 461 20.2.3 Frequency and Wavelength 461 20.2.4 Sound Power Level 462 20.2.5 Addition and Subtraction of Sound Sources 462 20.2.6 Averaging Decibel Levels 463 20.2.7 Calculating Relative Levels 463 20.2.8 Weighting Curves 463 20.2.9 Noise Dose Level 464 20.3 Legislation 464 20.3.1 On-Highway Vehicles 464 20.3.2 Off-Highway Machines 464 20.4 Measurement and Analysis of Noise 465 20.4.1 Measurement Environments 465 20.4.2 Equipment 465 20.4.3 Frequency Analysis 466 20.4.4 Tracking Analysis 467 20.4.5 Sound Quality Analysis 468 20.5 Noise Characteristics of Diesel Engines 468 20.5.1 Engine Overall Noise Levels 469 20.5.2 Assessment of Combustion Noise 469 20.5.3 Assessment of Mechanical Noise 471 20.5.4 Engine Radiated Noise 471 20.5.5 Vehicle and Machine Noise Assessment 473 20.6 Methods for Control of Diesel Engine Noise 475 20.6.1 Combustion Noise 475 20.6.2 Mechanical Noise 476 20.6.3 Predictive Analysis 476 20.6.4 Palliative Treatments and Enclosures 479 20.6.5 Vehicle and Machine Refinement 480 20.7 Conclusion 480 References 480 Bibliography 480 21. Larger Engine Noise and Vibration Control 482 21.1 Introduction 483 21.2 Noise 483 21.3 Vibration 484 References 491 Part V. Applications 492 22. Passenger Car Engines 493 22.1 Introduction 494 22.2 Vehicle Specific Requirements 499 22.3 Current Engine Technology 499 22.3.1 Combustion Systems 499 22.3.2 Design Features 504 22.3.3 Fuel Injection Equipment 509 22.3.4 Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment 510 22.3.5 Electronic Control Systems -1 22.4 Performance and Emissions Characteristics -1 22.4.1 Power and Torque -1 22.4.2 Fuel Consumption 513 22.4.3 Exhaust Emissions 514 22.4.4 Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) 516 22.5 Future Developments 517 References 520 23. Trucks and Buses 521 23.1 Market Demands 523 23.1.1 Size and Physical Constraints 523 23.1.2 Weight 523 23.1.3 Cost 523 23.1.4 Durability and Reliability 523 23.1.5 Performance 523 23.1.6 Fuel Economy 523 23.1.7 Gaseous and Noise Emissions 524 23.1.8 Electronics 524 23.1.9 Product Support 524 23.2 Starting Point 524 23.2.1 Cylinder Block and Head 524 23.3 Cylinder Kit Components 525 23.3.1 Pistons 525 23.3.2 Piston Rings 526 23.3.3 Cylinder Liner 526 23.4 Connecting Rod Assembly 527 23.4.1 Connecting Rods and Bearing Caps 527 23.4.2 Piston Pin Bearings and Connecting Rod-to-Crankshaft Bearings 527 23.5 Crankshaft Assembly 527 23.5.1 Crankshaft 527 23.5.2 Crankshaft Oil Seals 528 23.5.3 Crankshaft Main Bearings 528 23.5.4 Crankshaft Pulley 528 23.5.5 Crankshaft Vibration Damper 529 23.6 Camshaft Assembly 529 23.6.1 Camshaft 529 23.6.2 Camshaft Bearings and Caps 529 23.6.3 Camshaft Drive Gear 529 23.7 Overhead Components 529 23.7.1 Valve Train Assembly 530 23.7.2 Rocker Assemblies 531 23.7.3 Rocker Cover Assembly 531 23.7.4 Engine Retarders 531 23.8 Flywheel 532 23.9 Flywheel Housing 533 23.10 Geartrain 533 23.11 Gear Case and Cover 534 23.12 Electronic Control System 534 23.12.1 ECM 534 23.12.2 Sensors 536 23.12.3 Interconnections and Wiring 537 23.12.4 Communications 537 23.13 Fuel Injection System -1 23.13.1 Electronic Fuel Injection Devices -1 23.13.2 Fuel (Transfer) Pump 540 23.13.3 Fuel Lines 540 23.13.4 Fuel Filters 540 23.13.5 Fuel Heaters and Coolers 540 23.13.6 Fuel and Water Separators 540 23.14 Air System 540 23.14.1 Turbocharger 541 23.14.2 Charge Cooler 543 23.14.3 Intake and Exhaust Manifolds 544 23.15 Lubrication System 544 23.15.1 Oil Pump 544 23.15.2 Regulator 545 23.15.3 Relief Valve 545 23.15.4 Filters 545 23.15.5 Oil Cooler 545 23.15.6 Dipstick 545 23.15.7 Oil Pan 545 23.15.8 Crankcase Ventilation 545 23.15.9 Oil Quality 546 23.16 Coolant System 546 23.16.1 Coolant 546 23.16.2 Coolant Filter and Conditioner 546 23.16.3 Water Pump 546 23.16.4 Thermostats 547 23.17 Typical Engines 547 23.17.1 Product Overview 547 23.17.2 Caterpillar Engines 547 23.17.3 Cummins Engines 548 23.17.4 Detroit Diesel Engines 549 23.17.5 Mack Engines 549 23.17.6 Mercedes-Benz Engines 549 23.17.7 Navistar Engines 550 23.17.8 VarityPerkins Engines 550 23.17.9 Volvo Engines 550 Bibliography 553 24. Locomotives 554 24.1 Introduction 555 24.2 Development Trends 555 24.2.1 Emissions 555 24.2.2 Engine Weight 558 24.2.3 Reliability and Durability 558 24.3 Engine Descriptions -1 24.3.1 Caterpillar 3500 -1 24.3.2 Caterpillar 3600 -1 24.3.3 Dalian 240 ZD -1 24 3.4 General Electric 7FDLTM 563 24.3.5 General Electric 7HDLTM 564 24.3.6 General Motors EMD 645 and 710 564 24.3.7 General Motors EMD H Engine 564 24.3.8 Kolomna D 49 567 24.3.9 MTU/DDC 4000 Series 569 24.3.10 Paxman VP 185 569 24.3.11 Pielstick PA4 200 VG 571 24.3.12 Pielstick PA6B 573 24.3.13 Ruston RK215 575 24.4 Summary of Engine Design Features and Future Trends 575 24.5 Railcar Engines 575 24.5.1 Cummins 577 24.5.2 MAN 577 24.5.3 MTU 577 24.5.4 Niigata 577 Acknowledgements 577 References 577 Further Reading 578 25. Dual Fuel Engines 579 25.1 What Is a Dual Fuel Engine? 580 25.2 Combustion in Dual Fuel Engines 580 25.3 Gas Properties and Their Effects 580 25.3.1 Heat Value of a Stoichiometric Mixture Volume 580 25.3.2 Net Heating Value (kJ/m 3 ) 580 25.3.3 Anti-Detonation Properties 580 25.3.4 Pre-Ignition Tendency 581 25.3.5 Flame Speed 581 25.4 Combustion System 582 25.4.1 The 'Conventional' Dual Fuel Engine 584 25.4.2 The 'Low NOx' Dual Fuel Engine 584 25.4.3 The 'Gas Diesel' Engine 586 25.4.4 Other Combustion Systems 587 25.5 Air-Fuel Ratio Control Systems 591 25.5.1 Intake Throttle 591 25.5.2 Exhaust by-Pass 591 25.5.3 Compressor by-Pass 591 25.6 Safety Systems 591 25.7 Applications 593 25.7.1 Automotive 593 25.7.2 Locomotive 594 25.7.3 Stationary (Power Generation and Mechanical Drive) 594 25.7.4 Marine and Offshore 594 References 594 Bibliography 595 26. Marine Engine Applications 596 26.1 High Speed Engines 597 26.1.1 Caterpillar 597 26.1.2 Cummins 598 26.1.3 Deutz MWM 598 26.1.4 GMT 599 26.1.5 Isotta Fraschini 601 26.1.6 MAN B&W Holeby 601 26.1.7 Mitsubishi 604 26.1.8 MTU 604 26.1.9 MTU/DDC Designs 608 26.1.10 Niigata -1 26.1.11 Paxman -1 26.1.12 SEMT-Pielstick 615 26.1.13 Wartsila Diesel 616 26.1.14 Automotive-Derived Engines 619 26.2 Low Speed Engines 619 26.2.1 Introduction 619 26.2.2 Intelligent Engines 622 Part VI. Operation 626 27. Condition Monitoring 627 27.1 Introduction 628 27.2 A Typical Condition Monitoring System 628 27.3 Instrumentation for Condition Monitoring 628 27.3.1 Vibration Monitoring 629 27.3.2 Temperature Measurements 629 27.4 Instrumentation for Condition Monitoring Indirect Methods 630 27.5 Fuel Monitoring 631 27.6 Exhaust Emissions 631 27.7 Conclusion 631 References 631 List of Units and Conversion Tables 632 Index 634 A 634 B 636 C 637 D 642 E 645 F 649 G 651 H 652 I 654 J 655 K 655 L 655 M 657 N 659 O 660 P 661 Q 664 R 664 S 666 T 669 U 673 V 674 W 675 Y 675 Z 675 Front Matter......Page 2 Foreword......Page 4 Preface to the Second Edition......Page 6 Preface to the First Edition......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 Part I. Theory......Page 11 1. The Theory of Compression Ignition Engines......Page 12 1.2 Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines......Page 13 1.2.1 Two-Stroke Engines......Page 14 1.2.3 Evaluation of Power Output of Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Engines......Page 15 1.2.4 Other Operating Parameters......Page 16 1.3.1 Theoretical Expressions for Air Standard Cycles......Page 17 1.3.2 Further Comments on Air Standard Cycles......Page 21 1.4.1 Gas Properties......Page 22 1.4.2 Combustion......Page 23 1.5.1 Closed Period......Page 25 1.5.2 Open Period......Page 27 1.6.1 Closed Period......Page 29 1.6.2 Open Period (Gas Exchange Process)......Page 30 References......Page 33 2. The Theory of Turbocharging......Page 35 2.1 Introduction......Page 36 2.2.1 Turbochargers for Automotive Diesel Engines......Page 37 2.2.2 Small Industrial and Marine Engine Turbochargers......Page 40 2.2.3 Large Industrial and Marine Engine Turbochargers......Page 41 2.3.1 Compressor and Turbine Efficiency......Page 42 2.3.2 Non-Dimensional Representation of Compressor and Turbine Characteristics......Page 44 2.3.4 Turbine Performance......Page 45 2.4.1 The Energy in the Exhaust System......Page 47 2.4.2 Principles of Constant Pressure Turbocharging......Page 48 2.4.3 Principles of Pulse Turbocharging......Page 51 2.4.4 Principles of Pulse Converter and Other Turbocharging Systems......Page 60 26.1.11 Paxman......Page 0 2.5.2 Charge Air Cooling and Engine Performance......Page 64 2.6.1 Introduction......Page 66 2.6.2 Air Flow Characteristics of Engine and Turbocharger......Page 68 2.6.3 Matching for Constant Speed Operation......Page 69 2.6.4 Matching the Marine Engine......Page 70 2.6.5 Matching for Diesel-Electric Traction......Page 71 2.6.7 Matching the Four-Stroke Vehicle Engine......Page 72 2.6.8 Matching the Two-Stroke Vehicle Engine......Page 74 2.7.2 Operation under Changing Ambient Conditions......Page 76 2.8 Closure......Page 77 Nomenclature......Page 78 3. Compound and Other Engine Systems......Page 79 3.2 Gas Generator and Compound Schemes Compared with the Turbocharged Engine......Page 80 3.3.1 Analysis Based on Compression and Expansion Machines with Fixed Polytropic Efficiencies of 85% and 80%, Respectively......Page 81 3.3.2 Analysis Based on Fully Modelled System, Including Compressor, Turbine and Cooler Characteristics......Page 83 3.4.1 The Differential Compound Engine (DCE)......Page 86 3.4.2 The Differentially Supercharged Diesel Engine (DDE)......Page 88 3.5.1 Two-Stage Turbocharging......Page 89 3.5.2 Variable Geometry Turbocharging......Page 90 3.5.3 The Pressure Wave Supercharger......Page 91 References......Page 92 4. Diesel Combustion and Fuels......Page 93 4.1.1 Basic Combustion Theory......Page 94 4.1.2 Ignition Delay......Page 95 4.1.3 Mixing Controlled Combustion......Page 96 4.1.4 Combustion System Design......Page 97 4.1.5 Analysis of Cylinder Pressure Data......Page 99 4.2.1 Hydrocarbon Types......Page 101 4.2.2 Petroleum-Derived Fuels......Page 102 4.2.3 Diesel Fuel Properties......Page 103 4.2.5 Diesel Fuel Specifications......Page 105 4.2.6 Alternative Fuels......Page 106 References......Page 107 5. Thermal Loading......Page 108 5.3 Prediction of Local Heat Flows......Page 109 5.4.1 Stationary Surfaces - Cylinder Head and Liner......Page 111 5.4.2 Moving Components - Pistons......Page 114 5.5.2 Materials......Page 115 5.5.4 Calculation of Thermal Stress......Page 116 5.6.1 To Meet Lubrication Requirements......Page 117 5.7.1 Cylinder Head......Page 118 5.7.4 Injector Cooling......Page 120 5.8 Measurement of Local Temperature Gradients and Heat Fluxes......Page 121 References......Page 122 Part II. Engine Design Practice......Page 124 6. Thermodynamic Mathematical Modelling......Page 125 6.2 Fundamentals and the Energy Equation......Page 126 6.3 Gas Properties......Page 128 6.4 Pipe Flows, Valves, Throttles and Flow Restrictions......Page 130 6.5 Turbomachinery and Charge Air Coolers......Page 133 6.7 Injection and Combustion......Page 138 6.8 Heal Transfer and Friction......Page 140 6.9 Model Results and Engine Performance......Page 143 6.10 Transient Modelling......Page 144 6.11.1 Turbomachinery......Page 145 6.11.3 Indirect Injection and Other Fuelling Methods......Page 146 6.12 Energy Equation, Gas Properties and Combustion Extensions......Page 147 6.13 Gas Dynamics......Page 148 References......Page 150 7. Computational Fluid Dynamics......Page 151 7.2.1 Gas-Phase Modelling......Page 152 7.2.2 Liquid-Phase Modelling......Page 153 7 2.3 Ignition, Combustion and Emissions......Page 156 7.3.1 Modelling the Gas-Exchange Process......Page 158 7.3.2 Combustion and Emissions Model Validation......Page 160 7.3.3 Effect of Multiple Injections......Page 163 7.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 165 References......Page 166 Nomenclature......Page 168 8. Modern Control in Diesel Engine Management......Page 169 8.1.2 The Structure of a Control System......Page 170 8.1.3 The Shape of the Future - Model-Based Control......Page 171 8.3 What a Control System Does......Page 174 8.3.1 Sensors for Control......Page 176 8.3.2 Actuators for Control......Page 177 8.5 Algorithms for Control......Page 178 8.5.3 Modern Control - an Example......Page 183 8.6.1 Developing Control Systems......Page 184 8.6.3 Specifying Functions......Page 185 References......Page 189 Part III. Engine Sub-Systems......Page 191 9. Inlet and Exhaust Systems......Page 192 9.3 Four-Stroke Engines......Page 193 9.3.1 Valve Timings......Page 194 9.3.2 Valve Areas......Page 195 9.3.3 Determination of Flow Coefficients......Page 196 9.3.6 Swirl Producing Ports......Page 199 9.5.2 Loop Scavenging......Page 203 9.5.3 Uniflow Scavenging......Page 204 9.5.4 Port Areas and Timings......Page 205 9.6 Silencers......Page 206 References......Page 207 10. Design Layout Options......Page 208 10.2.1 Consideration of the Forces Involved......Page 209 10.2.2 Balance of a Single-Cylinder Engine......Page 212 10.2.3 Two-Cylinder Engines......Page 214 10.2.4 Four-Cylinder in-Line Engines......Page 215 10.2.5 Three-Cylinder Engines......Page 216 10.2.7 Vee Engines......Page 217 10.2.8 Two-Stroke Engines......Page 220 10.3.1 Simple Systems......Page 221 10.3.2 The Solution of Multi-Cylinder Crankshaft Systems......Page 225 10.3.3 Vibration Dampers......Page 232 10.3.4 Torsiographs and Torsional Vibration Tests......Page 235 10.4.2 The Design Process......Page 236 10.4.3 General Properties of Materials......Page 237 10.4.4 Behaviour of Materials under Repeated Loads - Fatigue......Page 238 10.4.5 Typical Materials Used in Production......Page 242 References......Page 250 11. Fuel Injection Systems......Page 251 11.2.1 Compression Ignition Combustion Processes......Page 252 11.2.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons......Page 255 11.2.5 Particulate Emissions......Page 256 11.2.6 Traditional Jerk Pump......Page 257 11.2.8 DP Rotary Distributor Pumps......Page 258 11.2.9 Electronically Controlled Rotary Pumps (EPIC)......Page 261 11.2.10 Advanced Rotary Distributor Pumps......Page 262 11.2.11 Control of Rate of Injection with Conventional FIE......Page 263 11.2.13 Common Rail Systems......Page 265 11.2.14 Integrated Fuel Injection Systems......Page 266 11.2.15 Summary......Page 268 11.3.2 Fuel-injection techniques......Page 269 11.3.3 Pump-and-barrel assemblies (pumping elements)......Page 271 11.3.4 Standard PE in-line injection pumps......Page 274 11.3.5 PE in-line injection pumps for alternative fuels......Page 279 11.3.6 In-line control sleeve fuel-injection pumps......Page 280 11.3.7 Electronic Diesel Control (EDC)......Page 281 11.3.8 Bosch—Single-plunger fuel-injection pumps......Page 283 11.3.9 Innovative fuel-injection systems......Page 285 11.3.10 Peripheral equipment for diesel fuel-injection systems......Page 286 11.3.11 Bosch—Distributor injection pumps VE......Page 289 11.4 Diesel fuel injection systems-Caterpillar Inc.......Page 290 11.4.1 Caterpillar's Hydraulically-actuated Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI) fuel system......Page 291 References......Page 293 12. Lubrication and Lubricating Oils......Page 295 12.2.1 Mineral Oils......Page 296 12.3.1 Viscosity and Coefficient of Friction......Page 297 12.3.4 Viscosity Classification......Page 298 12.3.5 Low-Temperature Viscosity and Ease of Starting......Page 299 12.5 Oil Deterioration......Page 300 12.6.2 Engine Wear......Page 302 12.8 Engine Tests and Associated Specifications......Page 303 12.9 Laboratory Inspection Tests......Page 310 Acknowledgement......Page 313 Abbreviations......Page 314 13. Bearings and Bearing Metals......Page 315 13.2.2 Interference Fit......Page 316 13.2.4 Free Spread......Page 317 13.2.6 Prediction of Oil Film Thickness......Page 318 13.2.7 Grooving Configuration......Page 319 13.3.1 Abrasion......Page 320 13.3.3 Corrosion......Page 321 13.3.7 Design Faults......Page 322 13.3.9 Environmental Factors......Page 323 13.4 Slow-Speed Engine Crosshead Bearings......Page 324 13.5.2 Scuff Resistance......Page 325 13.5.5 Overlays......Page 326 13.5.6 White Metals......Page 327 13.5.7 Copper-Lead and Lead-Bronze Alloys......Page 328 13.5.8 Aluminium-Tin Alloys......Page 329 References......Page 330 14. Pistons, Rings and Liners......Page 331 14.2.2 Piston Loading......Page 332 14.2.3 Piston Design......Page 333 14.2.4 Piston Types......Page 335 14.2.5 Gudgeon Pins......Page 339 14.2.6 Piston Design Analysis......Page 340 14.3.1 Introduction......Page 341 14.3.2 Ring Design......Page 342 14.3.3 Ring Types......Page 343 14.3.5 Ring Materials......Page 345 14.3.6 Ring Coatings......Page 346 14.3.9 Ring Research......Page 347 14.4.2 Dry Liners......Page 348 14.4.5 Material......Page 349 14.4.6 Bore Polish......Page 350 References......Page 351 15. Auxiliaries......Page 353 15.1.2 Basic Principles......Page 354 15.1.3 Basic Governing Terms......Page 356 15.1.4 Typical Governors......Page 357 15.1.5 Application Requirements and Governor Selection......Page 365 15.1.6 Typical Applications......Page 366 15.2.3 Improving the Unaided Cold Starting Ability......Page 369 15.2.4 Engine Cranking Requirements......Page 370 15.2.5 Methods of Starting......Page 371 15.2.6 Starting Aids......Page 380 15.3.3 Water-Cooled Systems......Page 384 15.3.5 Temperature Control......Page 387 15.3.6 Air-Cooled Systems......Page 388 15.3.7 Heat Transfer......Page 389 15.3.8 Construction and Design......Page 392 15.3.9 Materials......Page 401 15.3.11 Maintenance......Page 402 References......Page 403 16. Aircooled Engines......Page 404 16.1 Introduction......Page 405 16.2.2 Cylinder Unit......Page 407 16.2.3 Heat Exchangers......Page 413 16.2.4 Fan Control......Page 414 16.3.3 Stators......Page 417 16.3.4 Fan Noise and Its Reduction......Page 418 16.3.5 Other Design Considerations......Page 419 16.4.3 Noise Characteristics of Aircooled Engines......Page 420 16.4.4 Noise Attenuation by Secondary Measures......Page 421 16.5 Applications......Page 422 References and Bibliography......Page 426 17. Crankcase Explosions......Page 429 17.3 Explosion Effects......Page 430 17.7 Explosion Relief Valves......Page 431 17.9.1 Graviner Systems......Page 432 17.9.2 Schaller Visatron Systems......Page 433 References......Page 434 Part IV. Environmental Aspects......Page 435 18. Exhaust Smoke, Measurement and Regulation......Page 436 18.2.1 Comparators......Page 437 18.2.3 Opacimeters......Page 438 18.3 Calibration and Correlation of Smokemeters......Page 441 18.5 Opacimeter Specifications......Page 442 18.6 Visibility Criterion - Public Objection......Page 443 18.7 Test Methods and Procedures......Page 444 References......Page 446 19. Exhaust Emissions......Page 447 19.2.1 USA......Page 448 19.3 Analysers......Page 450 19.3.3 Nitric Oxide......Page 451 19.3.5 Oxygen......Page 452 19.4.1 Carbon Dioxide......Page 453 19.4.4 Nitrogen Oxides......Page 454 19.4.6 Particulates......Page 455 19.5.4 Vapour-Phase Hydrocarbons......Page 456 19.6 Conclusions......Page 457 Bibliography......Page 458 20. Engine Noise......Page 460 20.2.3 Frequency and Wavelength......Page 461 20.2.5 Addition and Subtraction of Sound Sources......Page 462 20.2.8 Weighting Curves......Page 463 20.3.2 Off-Highway Machines......Page 464 20.4.2 Equipment......Page 465 20.4.3 Frequency Analysis......Page 466 20.4.4 Tracking Analysis......Page 467 20.5 Noise Characteristics of Diesel Engines......Page 468 20.5.2 Assessment of Combustion Noise......Page 469 20.5.4 Engine Radiated Noise......Page 471 20.5.5 Vehicle and Machine Noise Assessment......Page 473 20.6.1 Combustion Noise......Page 475 20.6.3 Predictive Analysis......Page 476 20.6.4 Palliative Treatments and Enclosures......Page 479 Bibliography......Page 480 21. Larger Engine Noise and Vibration Control......Page 482 21.2 Noise......Page 483 21.3 Vibration......Page 484 References......Page 491 Part V. Applications......Page 492 22. Passenger Car Engines......Page 493 22.1 Introduction......Page 494 22.3.1 Combustion Systems......Page 499 22.3.2 Design Features......Page 504 22.3.3 Fuel Injection Equipment......Page 509 22.3.4 Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment......Page 510 22.4.2 Fuel Consumption......Page 513 22.4.3 Exhaust Emissions......Page 514 22.4.4 Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH)......Page 516 22.5 Future Developments......Page 517 References......Page 520 23. Trucks and Buses......Page 521 23.1.6 Fuel Economy......Page 523 23.2.1 Cylinder Block and Head......Page 524 23.3.1 Pistons......Page 525 23.3.3 Cylinder Liner......Page 526 23.5.1 Crankshaft......Page 527 23.5.4 Crankshaft Pulley......Page 528 23.7 Overhead Components......Page 529 23.7.1 Valve Train Assembly......Page 530 23.7.4 Engine Retarders......Page 531 23.8 Flywheel......Page 532 23.10 Geartrain......Page 533 23.12.1 ECM......Page 534 23.12.2 Sensors......Page 536 23.12.4 Communications......Page 537 23.14 Air System......Page 540 23.14.1 Turbocharger......Page 541 23.14.2 Charge Cooler......Page 543 23.15.1 Oil Pump......Page 544 23.15.8 Crankcase Ventilation......Page 545 23.16.3 Water Pump......Page 546 23.17.2 Caterpillar Engines......Page 547 23.17.3 Cummins Engines......Page 548 23.17.6 Mercedes-Benz Engines......Page 549 23.17.9 Volvo Engines......Page 550 Bibliography......Page 553 24. Locomotives......Page 554 24.2.1 Emissions......Page 555 24.2.3 Reliability and Durability......Page 558 24 3.4 General Electric 7FDLTM......Page 563 24.3.7 General Motors EMD H Engine......Page 564 24.3.8 Kolomna D 49......Page 567 24.3.10 Paxman VP 185......Page 569 24.3.11 Pielstick PA4 200 VG......Page 571 24.3.12 Pielstick PA6B......Page 573 24.5 Railcar Engines......Page 575 References......Page 577 Further Reading......Page 578 25. Dual Fuel Engines......Page 579 25.3.3 Anti-Detonation Properties......Page 580 25.3.5 Flame Speed......Page 581 25.4 Combustion System......Page 582 25.4.2 The 'Low NOx' Dual Fuel Engine......Page 584 25.4.3 The 'Gas Diesel' Engine......Page 586 25.4.4 Other Combustion Systems......Page 587 25.6 Safety Systems......Page 591 25.7.1 Automotive......Page 593 References......Page 594 Bibliography......Page 595 26. Marine Engine Applications......Page 596 26.1.1 Caterpillar......Page 597 26.1.3 Deutz MWM......Page 598 26.1.4 GMT......Page 599 26.1.6 MAN B&W Holeby......Page 601 26.1.8 MTU......Page 604 26.1.9 MTU/DDC Designs......Page 608 26.1.12 SEMT-Pielstick......Page 615 26.1.13 Wartsila Diesel......Page 616 26.2.1 Introduction......Page 619 26.2.2 Intelligent Engines......Page 622 Part VI. Operation......Page 626 27. Condition Monitoring......Page 627 27.3 Instrumentation for Condition Monitoring......Page 628 27.3.2 Temperature Measurements......Page 629 27.4 Instrumentation for Condition Monitoring Indirect Methods......Page 630 References......Page 631 List of Units and Conversion Tables......Page 632 A......Page 634 B......Page 636 C......Page 637 D......Page 642 E......Page 645 F......Page 649 G......Page 651 H......Page 652 I......Page 654 L......Page 655 M......Page 657 N......Page 659 O......Page 660 P......Page 661 R......Page 664 S......Page 666 T......Page 669 U......Page 673 V......Page 674 Z......Page 675

the Diesel Engine Reference Book, Second Edition, Is A Comprehensive Work Covering The Design And Application Of Diesel Engines Of All Sizes. The First Edition Was Published In 1984 And Since That Time The Diesel Engine Has Made Significant Advances In Application Areas From Passenger Cars And Light Trucks Through To Large Marine Vessels.

the Diesel Engine Reference Book Systematically Covers All Aspects Of Diesel Engineering, From Thermodynamics Theory And Modelling To Condition Monitoring Of Engines In Service. It Ranges Through Subjects Of Long-term Use And Application To Engine Designers, Developers And Users Of The Most Ubiquitous Mechanical Power Source In The World.

the Latest Edition Leaves Few Of The Original Chapters Untouched. The Technical Changes Of The Past 20 Years Have Been Enormous And This Is Reflected In The Book. The Essentials However, Remain The Same And The Clarity Of The Original Remains. Contributors To This Well-respected Work Include Some Of The Most Prominent And Experienced Engineers From The Uk, Europe And The Usa. Most Types Of Diesel Engines From Most Applications Are Represented, From The Smallest Air-cooled Engines, Through Passenger Car And Trucks, To Marine Engines.

the Approach To The Subject Is Essentially Practical, And Even In The Most Complex Technological Language Remains Straightforward, With Mathematics Used Only Where Necessary And Then In A Clear Fashion. The Approach To The Topics Varies To Suit The Needs Of Different Readers. Some Areas Are Covered In Both An Overview And Also In Some Detail. Many Drawings, Graphs And Photographs Illustrate The 30 Chapters And A Large Easy To Use Index Provides Convenient Access To Any Information The Readers Requires.

audience: Engine Designers And Developers.