The Diesel Engine

The aim of this work, consisting of 9 individual, self-contained booklets, is to describe commercial vehicle technology in a way that is clear, concise and illustrative. Compact and easy to understand, it provides an overview of the technology that goes into modern commercial vehicles. Starting from the customer's fundamental requirements, the characteristics and systems that define the design of the vehicles are presented knowledgeably in a series of articles, each of which can be read and studied on their own. This volume, The Diesel Engine, provides an initial overview of the vast topic that is the diesel engine. It offers basic information about the mechanical functioning of the engine. The integration of the engine in the vehicle and major systems such as the cooling system, the fuel system and the exhaust gas treatment system are explained so that readers in training and in a practical setting may gain an understanding of the diesel engine. Content Diesel fuel and air.- The mechanics of the engine.- Integrating the engine in the vehicle.- The fuel system and fuel injection.- The exhaust system.- Thermodynamics.- Abbreviations and symbols. The target groups Participants in master classes and those studying individual aspects of commercial vehicle technology Professors and lecturers instructing in the field of commercial vehicle technology Consultants and experts who need background knowledge and technical expertise regarding commercial vehicle technology Personnel working in the commercial vehicle technology or supply industry who are assigned to a new work area Cost planners and logistics companies The Author Dr. Michael Hilgers is currently director of the testing center at BFDA and Director for entire vehicle testing for the Mercedes-Benz Business Unit in BFDA. BFDA is a joint venture in China between Daimler Truck and Foton. Before that he was head of a CAE department in Commercial Vehicle Development at Mercedes-Benz Trucks. Before that he headed a department for vehicle Mechatronics. Preface to the Second Edition Title Page © Page Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Truck Engines and Passenger Car Diesel Engines in Comparison 2 Diesel Fuel and Air 2.1 Air 2.2 The Air–Fuel Equivalence Ratio λ 3 The Mechanics of the Engine 3.1 The Crank Assembly 3.1.1 The Piston 3.1.2 The Motion of the Piston 3.1.3 Blow-by Losses and Crankcase Ventilation 3.2 The Valve Train and the Gear Train 3.3 The Engine Brake 3.3.1 The Exhaust Flap Valve (Exhaust Brake) 3.3.2 The Decompression Brake 3.3.2.1 Decompression Through the Exhaust Valves 3.3.2.2 The Constant Throttle Valve 3.4 Lubrication 4 Integrating the Engine in the Vehicle 4.1 The Cooling System 4.2 The Engine Needs Fresh Air: The Air Intake 5 The Fuel System and Fuel Injection 6 The Exhaust System 6.1 Exhaust Gas Turbocharger 6.1.1 Turbocompounding 6.2 Exhaust Gas Treatment 6.2.1 Emissions 6.2.1.1 Formation of Exhaust Gas Constituents 6.2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 6.2.1.3 Particulate Matter (PM) 6.2.2 Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides 6.2.2.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation, EGR 6.2.2.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR 6.2.3 Reduction of Particulate Matter in Exhaust Gas 6.2.3.1 The Diesel Particulate Filter 6.2.4 Reduction of Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide 6.2.5 Combined Systems 7 Thermodynamics 7.1 Some Thermodynamic Fundamentals 7.1.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 7.1.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 7.2 Ideal Gas 7.3 State Changes of Ideal Gases 7.3.1 State Change with Constant Volume—Isochoric State Change 7.3.2 State Change with Constant Pressure—Isobaric State Change 7.3.3 State Change with Constant Temperature—Isothermal State Change 7.3.4 State Change Without Change of Entropy—Isentropic State Change 7.4 Cyclic Processes 7.4.1 The Carnot Cycle 7.4.2 The Constant Volume Cycle (the Otto Cycle) 7.4.3 The Constant Pressure Cycle (the Diesel Cycle) 7.4.4 Comparison of Diesel and Gasoline Engines 7.4.5 The Seiliger Cycle 7.4.6 Approximating the Real Cycle Comprehension Questions Abbreviations and Symbols References Index