Electrical Engineer's Reference Book

For ease of use, this edition has been divided into the following subject sections: general principles; materials and processes; control, power electronics and drives; environment; power generation; transmission and distribution; power systems; sectors of electricity use. New chapters and major revisions include: industrial instrumentation; digital control systems; programmable controllers; electronic power conversion; environmental control; hazardous area technology; electromagnetic compatibility; alternative energy sources; alternating current generators; electromagnetic transients; power system planning; reactive power plant and FACTS controllers; electricity economics and trading; power quality. \*An essential source of techniques, data and principles for all practising electrical engineers \*Written by an international team of experts from engineering companies and universities \*Includes a major new section on control systems, PLCs and microprocessors Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 9 Section A......Page 11 1 Units, Mathematics and Physical Quantites......Page 13 1.1 International unit system......Page 15 1.2 Mathematics......Page 16 1.3 Physical quantities......Page 29 1.5 Electricity......Page 38 2 Electrotechnology......Page 45 2.1 Nomenclature......Page 47 2.2 Thermal effects......Page 50 2.3 Electrochemical effects......Page 54 2.4 Magnetic field effects......Page 56 2.5 Electric field effects......Page 63 2.6 electromagnetic field effects......Page 67 2.7 Electrical discharges......Page 69 3 Network Analysis......Page 75 3.2 Basic network analysis......Page 77 3.3 Power-system network analysis......Page 102 Section B Materials & Processes......Page 119 4 Fundamental Properties of Materials......Page 121 4.4 Electrically conducting materials......Page 123 4.5 Magnetic materials......Page 124 4.6 Dielectric materials......Page 126 4.7 Optical materials......Page 127 4.8 The plasmac state......Page 128 5 Conductors and Superconductors......Page 129 5.1 Conducting materials......Page 131 5.2 Superconductors......Page 137 6 Semiconductor, Thick and Thin-Film Microcircuits......Page 143 6.1 Silicon, silicon dioxide, thick- and thin-film technology......Page 145 6.2 Thick- and thin-film microcircuits......Page 147 7 Insulation......Page 153 7.1 Insulating materials......Page 155 7.2 Properties and testing......Page 156 7.3 Gaseous dielectrics......Page 160 7.4 Liquid dielectrics......Page 163 7.5 Semi-fluid and fusible materials......Page 165 7.6 Varnishes, enamels, paints and lacquers......Page 171 7.7 Solid dielectrics......Page 172 7.9 Irradiation effects......Page 182 7.10 Fundamentals of dielectric theory......Page 184 7.11 Polymeric insulation for high voltage outdoor applications......Page 187 8 Magnetic Materials......Page 189 8.2 Electrical steels including silicon steels......Page 191 8.3 Soft irons and relay steels......Page 193 8.4 Ferrites......Page 195 8.5 Nickel-iron alloys......Page 199 8.7 Permanent magnet materials......Page 201 9 Electroheat and Materials Processing......Page 207 9.2 Direct resistance heating......Page 209 9.3 Indirect resistance heating......Page 211 9.4 Electric ovens and furnaces......Page 215 9.5 Induction heating......Page 216 9.6 Metal melting......Page 221 9.7 Dielectric heating......Page 226 9.9 Plasma torches......Page 230 9.10 Semiconductor plasma processing......Page 232 9.11 Lasers......Page 236 10 Welding and Soldering......Page 245 10.1 Arc welding......Page 247 10.2 Resistance welding......Page 273 10.3 Fuses......Page 280 10.4 Contacts......Page 282 10.5 Special alloys......Page 286 10.6 Solders......Page 288 10.8 Temperature-sensitive bimetals......Page 289 10.9 Nuclear-reactor materials......Page 290 10.10 Amorphous materials......Page 293 Section C Control......Page 297 11 Electrical Measurement......Page 299 11.4 National and international measurement standards......Page 301 11.5 Direct-acting analyogue measuring instrucments......Page 302 11.6 Integrating (energy) metering......Page 307 11.7 Electronic instrumentation......Page 308 11.8 Oscilloscopes......Page 315 11.9 Potentiometers and bridges......Page 321 11.10 Measuring and protection transformers......Page 330 11.11 Magnetic measurements......Page 332 11.12 Transducers......Page 334 11.13 Data recording......Page 340 12 Industrial Instrumentation......Page 343 12.1 Introduction......Page 345 12.2 Temperature......Page 348 12.3 Flow......Page 351 12.4 Pressure......Page 358 12.5 Level transducers......Page 362 12.6 Position transducers......Page 366 12.7 Velocity and acceleration......Page 371 12.8 Strain gauges, loadcells and weighing......Page 373 12.9 Fieldbus systems......Page 377 12.10 Installation notes......Page 381 13 Control Systems......Page 383 13.2 Laplace transforms and the transfer function......Page 385 13.4 Feedback......Page 388 13.5 Generally desirable and acceptable behaviour......Page 389 13.6 Stability......Page 390 13.7 Classification of system and static accuracy......Page 391 13.8 Transient behaviour......Page 392 13.9 Root-locus method......Page 395 13.10 Frequency-response methods......Page 397 13.11 State-space description......Page 402 13.12 Sampled-data systems......Page 406 13.14 Sampler and zero-order hold......Page 407 13.15 Block diagrams......Page 408 13.16 Closed-loop systems......Page 409 13.18 Example......Page 410 13.20 Simulation......Page 412 13.21 Multivariable control......Page 415 13.22 Dealing with non-linear elements......Page 417 13.23 Distrubances......Page 424 13.24 Ratio control......Page 427 13.25 Transit delays......Page 429 13.26 Stability......Page 430 13.27 Industrial controllers......Page 434 13.28 Digital control algorithms......Page 439 13.29 Auto-tuners......Page 441 13.30 Practical tuning methods......Page 442 14 Digital Control Systems......Page 447 14.1 Introduction......Page 449 14.2 Logic families......Page 451 14.3 Combinational logic......Page 457 14.4 Storage......Page 465 14.5 Timers and monostables......Page 469 14.6 Arithmetic circuits......Page 470 14.7 Counters and shift registers......Page 473 14.8 Sequencing and event driven logic......Page 476 14.9 Analog interfacing......Page 479 14.10 Practical considerations......Page 480 14.11 Data sheet notations......Page 482 15 Microprocessors......Page 483 15.2 Structured design of programmable logic systems......Page 485 15.3 Microprogrammable systems......Page 488 15.4 Programmable systems......Page 490 15.5 Processor instruction sets......Page 496 15.6 Program structures......Page 499 15.7 Reduced instruction set computers (RISC)......Page 501 15.8 Software design......Page 503 15.9 Embedded systems......Page 505 16 Programmable Controllers......Page 509 16.1 Introduction......Page 511 16.2 The programmable controller......Page 514 16.3 Programming methods......Page 521 16.4 Numerics......Page 537 16.5 Distributed systems and fieldbus......Page 549 16.6 Graphics......Page 553 16.8 Safety......Page 556 Section D Power Electronics and Drives......Page 561 17 Power Semiconductor Devices......Page 563 17.1 Junction diodes......Page 566 17.2 Bipolar power transistors and Darlingtons......Page 569 17.3 Thyristors......Page 576 17.4 Schottky barrier diodes......Page 587 17.5 MOSFET......Page 589 17.6 The insualted gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)......Page 594 18 Electronic Power Conversion......Page 601 18.1 Electronic power conversion principles......Page 603 18.2 Switch-mode power supplies......Page 605 18.3 Dc-Ac conversion......Page 620 18.4 Ac-Dc conversion......Page 626 18.5 Ac/ac conversion......Page 634 18.6 Resonant techniques......Page 637 18.7 Modular systems......Page 639 18.8 Further reading......Page 643 19 Electrical Machine Drives......Page 645 19.2 Fundamental control requirements for electrical machines......Page 647 19.3 Drive power circuits......Page 653 19.4 Drive control......Page 666 19.5 Applications and drive selection......Page 672 19.6 electromagnetic compatibility......Page 677 20 Motor and Actuators......Page 679 20.2 Electromagnetic devices......Page 681 20.3 Industrial rotary and linear motors......Page 693 Section E Environment......Page 723 21 Lighting......Page 725 21.2 Quantities and units......Page 727 21.3 Photometric concepts......Page 728 21.4 Lighting design terminology......Page 730 21.5 Lamps......Page 732 21.6 Lighting design......Page 744 21.7 Design techniques......Page 751 21.8 Lighting applications......Page 753 22 Environmental Control......Page 757 22.2 Environmental comfort......Page 759 22.3 Energy requirements......Page 767 22.4 Heating and warm-air systems......Page 770 22.5 Control......Page 774 22.6 Energy conservation......Page 778 22.7 Interfaces and associated data......Page 780 23 Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 785 23.3 The EMC model......Page 787 23.4 EMC requirements......Page 789 23.7 Printed circuit boards......Page 790 23.9 Power supplies and power-line filters......Page 791 23.11 Enclosure design......Page 792 23.12 Interface cable connections......Page 793 23.14 System design......Page 795 23.16 Conformity assessment......Page 797 23.17 EMC testing and measurements......Page 798 23.18 Management plans......Page 799 24 Health and Safety......Page 801 24.1 The scope of electrical safety considerations......Page 803 24.2 The nature of electrical injuries......Page 806 24.3 Failure of electrical equipment......Page 809 25 Hazardous Area Technology......Page 813 25.1 A brief UK history......Page 815 25.2 General certification requirements......Page 816 25.4 Explosion protection concepts......Page 817 25.5 ATEX certification......Page 822 25.6 Global view......Page 823 25.7 Useful websites......Page 824 Section F Power Generation......Page 825 26 Prime Movers......Page 827 26.1 Steam generating plant......Page 829 26.2 Steam turbine plant......Page 832 26.3 Gas turbine plant......Page 842 26.4 Hydroelectric plant......Page 846 26.5 Diesel-engine plant......Page 855 27 Alternative Energy Sources......Page 869 27.1 Introduction......Page 871 27.2 Solar......Page 872 27.3 Marine energy......Page 874 27.4 Hydro......Page 877 27.5 Wind......Page 878 27.6 Geothermal energy......Page 880 27.7 Biofuels......Page 881 27.8 Direct conversion......Page 884 27.9 Fuel cells......Page 885 27.10 Heat pumps......Page 889 28 Alternating Current Generators......Page 901 28.1 Introduction......Page 903 28.2 Airgap flux and open-circuit......Page 904 28.3 Alternating current windings......Page 909 28.4 Coils and insulation......Page 911 28.5 Temperature rise......Page 916 28.6 Output equation......Page 917 28.7 Armature reaction......Page 920 28.8 Reactances and time constants......Page 922 28.9 Steady-state operation......Page 925 28.10 Synchronising......Page 927 28.11 Operating charts......Page 929 28.12 On-load excitation......Page 931 28.13 Sudden three-phase short circuit......Page 932 28.14 Excitation systems......Page 934 28.15 Turbogenerators......Page 941 28.17 Hydrogenerators......Page 946 28.18 Salient-pole generators other than hydrogenerators......Page 950 28.19 Synchronous compensators......Page 952 28.21 Standards......Page 953 29 Batteries......Page 961 29.2 Cells and batteries......Page 963 29.3 Primary cells......Page 964 29.4 Secondary cells and batteries......Page 967 29.5 Battery applications......Page 973 29.6 Anodising......Page 974 29.7 Electrodeposition......Page 976 29.8 Hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis......Page 977 Section G Transmission and Distribution......Page 981 30 Overhead lines......Page 983 30.2 Conductors and earth wires......Page 985 30.3 Conductor fittings......Page 989 30.4 Electrical characteristics......Page 990 30.5 Insulators......Page 992 30.6 Supports......Page 995 30.8 Loadings......Page 998 31 Cables......Page 1003 31.1 Introduction......Page 1005 31.2 Cable components......Page 1008 31.3 General wiring cables and flexible cords......Page 1013 31.4 Supply distribution cables......Page 1017 31.5 Transmission cables......Page 1025 31.6 Current-carrying capacity......Page 1032 31.7 Jointing and accessories......Page 1035 31.8 Cables fault location......Page 1037 32 HVDC......Page 1047 32.1 Introduction......Page 1049 32.2 Applications of HVDC......Page 1050 32.3 Principles of HVDC converters......Page 1051 32.4 Transmission arrangements......Page 1055 32.5 Converter station design......Page 1057 32.6 Insulation co-ordination of HVVDC converter stations......Page 1062 32.7 HVDC thyristor valves......Page 1065 32.8 Design of harmonic filters for HVDC converters......Page 1070 32.9 Reactive power considerations......Page 1075 32.10 Control of HVDC......Page 1076 32.11 Ac system damping controls......Page 1080 32.12 Interaction between ac and dc systems......Page 1081 32.13 Multiterminal HVDC systems......Page 1088 32.14 Future trends......Page 1090 33 Power Transformers......Page 1093 33.2 Magnetic circuits......Page 1095 33.3 Windigns and insulation......Page 1099 33.4 Connections......Page 1105 33.7 On-load tap changing......Page 1108 33.8 Cooling......Page 1110 33.9 Fittings......Page 1112 33.11 Auto-transformers......Page 1113 33.12 Special types......Page 1114 33.13 Testing......Page 1115 33.14 Maintenance......Page 1119 33.15 Surge protection......Page 1121 33.16 Purchasing specfications......Page 1122 34 Switchgear......Page 1123 34.1 Circuit-switching devices......Page 1125 34.2 Materials......Page 1141 34.3 Primary-circuit-protection devices......Page 1143 34.4 LV switchgear......Page 1147 34.5 HV secondary distribution switchgear......Page 1149 34.7 HV transmission switchgear......Page 1151 34.8 Generator switchgear......Page 1152 34.9 Switching conditions......Page 1153 34.10 Switchgear testing......Page 1156 34.13 Future developments......Page 1157 35 Protection......Page 1159 35.1 Overcurrent and earth leakage protection......Page 1161 35.2 Application of protective systems......Page 1178 35.3 Testing and commissioning......Page 1183 35.4 Overvoltage protection......Page 1185 36 Electromagnetic Transients......Page 1189 36.2 Basic concepts of transient analysis......Page 1191 36.3 Protection of system and equipment against transient overvoltage......Page 1195 36.4 Power system simulators......Page 1196 36.5 Waveforms associated with the electromagnetic transient phenomena......Page 1198 37 Optical Fibres in Power Systems......Page 1205 37.2 Optical fibre fundamentals......Page 1207 37.3 Optical fibre cables......Page 1212 37.4 British and International Standards......Page 1216 37.5 Optical fibre telemetry on overhead power lines......Page 1217 37.6 Power equipment monitoring with optical fibre sensors......Page 1219 38 Installation......Page 1223 38.2 Regulations and specfications......Page 1225 38.3 High-voltage supplies......Page 1226 38.5 Substations......Page 1227 38.6 Wiring systems......Page 1231 38.7 LIghting and small power......Page 1233 38.8 Floor trunking......Page 1234 38.11 Low-voltage switchgear and protection......Page 1235 38.12 Transformers......Page 1239 38.14 Earthing......Page 1241 38.15 Inspection and testing......Page 1245 Section H Power Systems......Page 1249 39 Power System Planning......Page 1251 39.1 The changing electricity supply industry (ESI)......Page 1253 39.2 Nature of an electrical power system......Page 1254 39.3 Types of generating plant and characteristics......Page 1257 39.6 Environmental sustainable planning......Page 1259 40 Power System Operation and Control......Page 1261 40.2 Objectives and requirements......Page 1263 40.3 System description......Page 1264 40.4 Data acquisition and telemetering......Page 1266 40.5 Decentralised control: excitation systems and control characteristics of synchronous machines......Page 1270 40.6 Decentralised control: electronic turbine controllers......Page 1284 40.7 Decentralised control: substation automation......Page 1296 40.8 Decentralised control: pulse controllers for voltage control with tap-changing transfomers......Page 1298 40.10 System operation......Page 1303 40.12 Distribtion automation and demand side management......Page 1304 40.13 Reliability considerations for system control......Page 1307 41 Reactive Power Plant and FACTS Controllers......Page 1311 41.2 Basic concepts......Page 1313 41.3 Variations of voltage with load......Page 1315 41.4 The management of vars......Page 1320 41.5 The development of FACTS controllers......Page 1321 41.6 Shunt compensation......Page 1329 41.7 Series compensation......Page 1340 41.8 Controllers with shunt and series components......Page 1344 41.9 Special aspects of var compensation......Page 1345 41.10 Future prospects......Page 1349 42 Electricity Economics and Trading......Page 1351 42.2 Summary of electricity pricing principles......Page 1353 42.3 Electricity markets......Page 1354 42.5 Reactive market......Page 1355 43 Power Quality......Page 1357 43.2 Definition of power quality terms......Page 1359 43.3 Sources of problems......Page 1360 43.6 Amerlioration of power quality problems......Page 1363 Section I Sectors of Electricity Use......Page 1367 44 Road Transport......Page 1369 44.1 Electrical equipment of road transport vehicles......Page 1371 44.2 Light rail transit......Page 1381 44.3 Battery vehicles......Page 1385 44.4 Road traffic control and information systems......Page 1390 45 Railways......Page 1395 45.1 Railway electrification......Page 1397 45.2 Diesel-electric traction......Page 1405 45.3 Systems, EMC and standards......Page 1407 45.4 Railway signalling and control......Page 1408 46 Ships......Page 1421 46.4 Dc installations......Page 1423 46.7 Machines and transformers......Page 1424 46.8 Switchgear......Page 1426 46.11 Steering gear......Page 1427 46.13 Lighting......Page 1428 46.18 Deck auxiliaries......Page 1429 46.19 Remote and automatic control systems......Page 1430 46.20 Tankers......Page 1432 46.24 Electric propulsion......Page 1433 47 Aircraft......Page 1439 47.2 Engine technology......Page 1441 47.3 Wing technology......Page 1442 47.5 Flight-control systems......Page 1444 47.6 Systems technology......Page 1445 47.7 Hydraulic systems......Page 1446 47.8 Air-frame mounted accessory drives......Page 1447 47.9 Electrohydraulic flight controls......Page 1449 47.11 Aircraft electric power......Page 1450 47.12 Summary of power systems......Page 1451 47.13 Environmental control system......Page 1452 47.14 Digital power-digital load management......Page 1455 48 Mining Applications......Page 1459 48.1 General......Page 1461 48.2 Power supplies......Page 1462 48.3 Winders......Page 1463 48.4 Underground transport......Page 1464 48.5 Coal-face layout......Page 1467 48.6 Power loaders......Page 1469 48.8 Flameproof and intrinsically safe equipment......Page 1470 48.9 Gate-end boxes......Page 1472 48.10 Flameproof motors......Page 1475 48.11 Cables, couplers, plugs and sockets......Page 1476 48.13 Underground lighting......Page 1478 48.14 Monitoring and control......Page 1479 49 Standards and Certification......Page 1481 49.1 Introduction......Page 1483 49.2 Organisations preparing electrical standards......Page 1485 49.3 The structure and application of standards......Page 1490 49.5 Sources of standards information......Page 1494 Contents 5 Preface 9 Section A 11 1 Units, Mathematics and Physical Quantites 13 1.1 International unit system 15 1.2 Mathematics 16 1.3 Physical quantities 29 1.4 Physical properties 38 1.5 Electricity 38 2 Electrotechnology 45 2.1 Nomenclature 47 2.2 Thermal effects 50 2.3 Electrochemical effects 54 2.4 Magnetic field effects 56 2.5 Electric field effects 63 2.6 electromagnetic field effects 67 2.7 Electrical discharges 69 3 Network Analysis 75 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Basic network analysis 77 3.3 Power-system network analysis 102 Section B Materials & Processes 119 4 Fundamental Properties of Materials 121 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Mechnical properties 123 4.3 Thermal properties 123 4.4 Electrically conducting materials 123 4.5 Magnetic materials 124 4.6 Dielectric materials 126 4.7 Optical materials 127 4.8 The plasmac state 128 5 Conductors and Superconductors 129 5.1 Conducting materials 131 5.2 Superconductors 137 6 Semiconductor, Thick and Thin-Film Microcircuits 143 6.1 Silicon, silicon dioxide, thick- and thin-film technology 145 6.2 Thick- and thin-film microcircuits 147 7 Insulation 153 7.1 Insulating materials 155 7.2 Properties and testing 156 7.3 Gaseous dielectrics 160 7.4 Liquid dielectrics 163 7.5 Semi-fluid and fusible materials 165 7.6 Varnishes, enamels, paints and lacquers 171 7.7 Solid dielectrics 172 7.8 Composite solid-liquid dielectrics 182 7.9 Irradiation effects 182 7.10 Fundamentals of dielectric theory 184 7.11 Polymeric insulation for high voltage outdoor applications 187 8 Magnetic Materials 189 8.1 Ferromagnetics 191 8.2 Electrical steels including silicon steels 191 8.3 Soft irons and relay steels 193 8.4 Ferrites 195 8.5 Nickel-iron alloys 199 8.6 Iron-colbalt alloys 201 8.7 Permanent magnet materials 201 9 Electroheat and Materials Processing 207 9.1 Introduction 209 9.2 Direct resistance heating 209 9.3 Indirect resistance heating 211 9.4 Electric ovens and furnaces 215 9.5 Induction heating 216 9.6 Metal melting 221 9.7 Dielectric heating 226 9.8 Ultraviolet processes 230 9.9 Plasma torches 230 9.10 Semiconductor plasma processing 232 9.11 Lasers 236 10 Welding and Soldering 245 10.1 Arc welding 247 10.2 Resistance welding 273 10.3 Fuses 280 10.4 Contacts 282 10.5 Special alloys 286 10.6 Solders 288 10.7 Rare and precious metals 289 10.8 Temperature-sensitive bimetals 289 10.9 Nuclear-reactor materials 290 10.10 Amorphous materials 293 Section C Control 297 11 Electrical Measurement 299 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 Terminology 301 11.3 The role of measurement traceability in product quality 301 11.4 National and international measurement standards 301 11.5 Direct-acting analyogue measuring instrucments 302 11.6 Integrating (energy) metering 307 11.7 Electronic instrumentation 308 11.8 Oscilloscopes 315 11.9 Potentiometers and bridges 321 11.10 Measuring and protection transformers 330 11.11 Magnetic measurements 332 11.12 Transducers 334 11.13 Data recording 340 12 Industrial Instrumentation 343 12.1 Introduction 345 12.2 Temperature 348 12.3 Flow 351 12.4 Pressure 358 12.5 Level transducers 362 12.6 Position transducers 366 12.7 Velocity and acceleration 371 12.8 Strain gauges, loadcells and weighing 373 12.9 Fieldbus systems 377 12.10 Installation notes 381 13 Control Systems 383 13.1 Introduction 385 13.2 Laplace transforms and the transfer function 385 13.3 Block diagrams 388 13.4 Feedback 388 13.5 Generally desirable and acceptable behaviour 389 13.6 Stability 390 13.7 Classification of system and static accuracy 391 13.8 Transient behaviour 392 13.9 Root-locus method 395 13.10 Frequency-response methods 397 13.11 State-space description 402 13.12 Sampled-data systems 406 13.13 Some necessary mathematical preliminaries 407 13.14 Sampler and zero-order hold 407 13.15 Block diagrams 408 13.16 Closed-loop systems 409 13.17 Stability 410 13.18 Example 410 13.19 Dead-beat response 412 13.20 Simulation 412 13.21 Multivariable control 415 13.22 Dealing with non-linear elements 417 13.23 Distrubances 424 13.24 Ratio control 427 13.25 Transit delays 429 13.26 Stability 430 13.27 Industrial controllers 434 13.28 Digital control algorithms 439 13.29 Auto-tuners 441 13.30 Practical tuning methods 442 14 Digital Control Systems 447 14.1 Introduction 449 14.2 Logic families 451 14.3 Combinational logic 457 14.4 Storage 465 14.5 Timers and monostables 469 14.6 Arithmetic circuits 470 14.7 Counters and shift registers 473 14.8 Sequencing and event driven logic 476 14.9 Analog interfacing 479 14.10 Practical considerations 480 14.11 Data sheet notations 482 15 Microprocessors 483 15.1 Introduction 485 15.2 Structured design of programmable logic systems 485 15.3 Microprogrammable systems 488 15.4 Programmable systems 490 15.5 Processor instruction sets 496 15.6 Program structures 499 15.7 Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) 501 15.8 Software design 503 15.9 Embedded systems 505 16 Programmable Controllers 509 16.1 Introduction 511 16.2 The programmable controller 514 16.3 Programming methods 521 16.4 Numerics 537 16.5 Distributed systems and fieldbus 549 16.6 Graphics 553 16.7 Software engineering 556 16.8 Safety 556 Section D Power Electronics and Drives 561 17 Power Semiconductor Devices 563 17.1 Junction diodes 566 17.2 Bipolar power transistors and Darlingtons 569 17.3 Thyristors 576 17.4 Schottky barrier diodes 587 17.5 MOSFET 589 17.6 The insualted gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) 594 18 Electronic Power Conversion 601 18.1 Electronic power conversion principles 603 18.2 Switch-mode power supplies 605 18.3 Dc-Ac conversion 620 18.4 Ac-Dc conversion 626 18.5 Ac/ac conversion 634 18.6 Resonant techniques 637 18.7 Modular systems 639 18.8 Further reading 643 19 Electrical Machine Drives 645 19.1 Introduction 647 19.2 Fundamental control requirements for electrical machines 647 19.3 Drive power circuits 653 19.4 Drive control 666 19.5 Applications and drive selection 672 19.6 electromagnetic compatibility 677 20 Motor and Actuators 679 20.1 Energy conversion 681 20.2 Electromagnetic devices 681 20.3 Industrial rotary and linear motors 693 Section E Environment 723 21 Lighting 725 21.1 Light and vision 727 21.2 Quantities and units 727 21.3 Photometric concepts 728 21.4 Lighting design terminology 730 21.5 Lamps 732 21.6 Lighting design 744 21.7 Design techniques 751 21.8 Lighting applications 753 22 Environmental Control 757 22.1 Introduction 759 22.2 Environmental comfort 759 22.3 Energy requirements 767 22.4 Heating and warm-air systems 770 22.5 Control 774 22.6 Energy conservation 778 22.7 Interfaces and associated data 780 23 Electromagnetic Compatibility 785 23.1 Introduction 787 23.2 Common terms 787 23.3 The EMC model 787 23.4 EMC requirements 789 23.5 Product design 790 23.6 Device selection 790 23.7 Printed circuit boards 790 23.8 Interfaces 791 23.9 Power supplies and power-line filters 791 23.10 Signal line filters 792 23.11 Enclosure design 792 23.12 Interface cable connections 793 23.13 Golden rules for effective design for EMC 795 23.14 System design 795 23.15 Buildings 797 23.16 Conformity assessment 797 23.17 EMC testing and measurements 798 23.18 Management plans 799 24 Health and Safety 801 24.1 The scope of electrical safety considerations 803 24.2 The nature of electrical injuries 806 24.3 Failure of electrical equipment 809 25 Hazardous Area Technology 813 25.1 A brief UK history 815 25.2 General certification requirements 816 25.3 Gas group and temperature class 817 25.4 Explosion protection concepts 817 25.5 ATEX certification 822 25.6 Global view 823 25.7 Useful websites 824 Section F Power Generation 825 26 Prime Movers 827 26.1 Steam generating plant 829 26.2 Steam turbine plant 832 26.3 Gas turbine plant 842 26.4 Hydroelectric plant 846 26.5 Diesel-engine plant 855 27 Alternative Energy Sources 869 27.1 Introduction 871 27.2 Solar 872 27.3 Marine energy 874 27.4 Hydro 877 27.5 Wind 878 27.6 Geothermal energy 880 27.7 Biofuels 881 27.8 Direct conversion 884 27.9 Fuel cells 885 27.10 Heat pumps 889 28 Alternating Current Generators 901 28.1 Introduction 903 28.2 Airgap flux and open-circuit 904 28.3 Alternating current windings 909 28.4 Coils and insulation 911 28.5 Temperature rise 916 28.6 Output equation 917 28.7 Armature reaction 920 28.8 Reactances and time constants 922 28.9 Steady-state operation 925 28.10 Synchronising 927 28.11 Operating charts 929 28.12 On-load excitation 931 28.13 Sudden three-phase short circuit 932 28.14 Excitation systems 934 28.15 Turbogenerators 941 28.16 Generator-transformer connection 946 28.17 Hydrogenerators 946 28.18 Salient-pole generators other than hydrogenerators 950 28.19 Synchronous compensators 952 28.20 Induction generators 953 28.21 Standards 953 29 Batteries 961 29.1 Introduction 963 29.2 Cells and batteries 963 29.3 Primary cells 964 29.4 Secondary cells and batteries 967 29.5 Battery applications 973 29.6 Anodising 974 29.7 Electrodeposition 976 29.8 Hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis 977 Section G Transmission and Distribution 981 30 Overhead lines 983 30.1 General 985 30.2 Conductors and earth wires 985 30.3 Conductor fittings 989 30.4 Electrical characteristics 990 30.5 Insulators 992 30.6 Supports 995 30.7 Lightning 998 30.8 Loadings 998 31 Cables 1003 31.1 Introduction 1005 31.2 Cable components 1008 31.3 General wiring cables and flexible cords 1013 31.4 Supply distribution cables 1017 31.5 Transmission cables 1025 31.6 Current-carrying capacity 1032 31.7 Jointing and accessories 1035 31.8 Cables fault location 1037 32 HVDC 1047 32.1 Introduction 1049 32.2 Applications of HVDC 1050 32.3 Principles of HVDC converters 1051 32.4 Transmission arrangements 1055 32.5 Converter station design 1057 32.6 Insulation co-ordination of HVVDC converter stations 1062 32.7 HVDC thyristor valves 1065 32.8 Design of harmonic filters for HVDC converters 1070 32.9 Reactive power considerations 1075 32.10 Control of HVDC 1076 32.11 Ac system damping controls 1080 32.12 Interaction between ac and dc systems 1081 32.13 Multiterminal HVDC systems 1088 32.14 Future trends 1090 33 Power Transformers 1093 33.1 Introduction 1095 33.2 Magnetic circuits 1095 33.3 Windigns and insulation 1099 33.4 Connections 1105 33.5 Three-winding transformers 1108 33.6 Quadrature booster transformers 1108 33.7 On-load tap changing 1108 33.8 Cooling 1110 33.9 Fittings 1112 33.10 Parallel operation 1113 33.11 Auto-transformers 1113 33.12 Special types 1114 33.13 Testing 1115 33.14 Maintenance 1119 33.15 Surge protection 1121 33.16 Purchasing specfications 1122 34 Switchgear 1123 34.1 Circuit-switching devices 1125 34.2 Materials 1141 34.3 Primary-circuit-protection devices 1143 34.4 LV switchgear 1147 34.5 HV secondary distribution switchgear 1149 34.6 HV primary distribution switchgear 1151 34.7 HV transmission switchgear 1151 34.8 Generator switchgear 1152 34.9 Switching conditions 1153 34.10 Switchgear testing 1156 34.11 Diagnostic monitoring 1157 34.12 Electromagnetic compatibility 1157 34.13 Future developments 1157 35 Protection 1159 35.1 Overcurrent and earth leakage protection 1161 35.2 Application of protective systems 1178 35.3 Testing and commissioning 1183 35.4 Overvoltage protection 1185 36 Electromagnetic Transients 1189 36.1 Introduction 1191 36.2 Basic concepts of transient analysis 1191 36.3 Protection of system and equipment against transient overvoltage 1195 36.4 Power system simulators 1196 36.5 Waveforms associated with the electromagnetic transient phenomena 1198 37 Optical Fibres in Power Systems 1205 37.1 Introduction 1207 37.2 Optical fibre fundamentals 1207 37.3 Optical fibre cables 1212 37.4 British and International Standards 1216 37.5 Optical fibre telemetry on overhead power lines 1217 37.6 Power equipment monitoring with optical fibre sensors 1219 38 Installation 1223 38.1 Layout 1225 38.2 Regulations and specfications 1225 38.3 High-voltage supplies 1226 38.4 Fault currents 1227 38.5 Substations 1227 38.6 Wiring systems 1231 38.7 LIghting and small power 1233 38.8 Floor trunking 1234 38.9 Stand-by and emergency supplies 1235 38.10 Special buildings 1235 38.11 Low-voltage switchgear and protection 1235 38.12 Transformers 1239 38.13 Power-factor correction 1241 38.14 Earthing 1241 38.15 Inspection and testing 1245 Section H Power Systems 1249 39 Power System Planning 1251 39.1 The changing electricity supply industry (ESI) 1253 39.2 Nature of an electrical power system 1254 39.3 Types of generating plant and characteristics 1257 39.4 Security and reliability of a power system 1259 39.5 Revenue collection 1259 39.6 Environmental sustainable planning 1259 40 Power System Operation and Control 1261 40.1 Introduction 1263 40.2 Objectives and requirements 1263 40.3 System description 1264 40.4 Data acquisition and telemetering 1266 40.5 Decentralised control: excitation systems and control characteristics of synchronous machines 1270 40.6 Decentralised control: electronic turbine controllers 1284 40.7 Decentralised control: substation automation 1296 40.8 Decentralised control: pulse controllers for voltage control with tap-changing transfomers 1298 40.10 System operation 1303 40.11 System control in liberalised electricity markets 1304 40.12 Distribtion automation and demand side management 1304 40.13 Reliability considerations for system control 1307 41 Reactive Power Plant and FACTS Controllers 1311 41.1 Introduction 1313 41.2 Basic concepts 1313 41.3 Variations of voltage with load 1315 41.4 The management of vars 1320 41.5 The development of FACTS controllers 1321 41.6 Shunt compensation 1329 41.7 Series compensation 1340 41.8 Controllers with shunt and series components 1344 41.9 Special aspects of var compensation 1345 41.10 Future prospects 1349 42 Electricity Economics and Trading 1351 42.1 Introduction 1353 42.2 Summary of electricity pricing principles 1353 42.3 Electricity markets 1354 42.4 Market models 1355 42.5 Reactive market 1355 43 Power Quality 1357 43.1 Introduction 1359 43.2 Definition of power quality terms 1359 43.3 Sources of problems 1360 43.4 Effects of power quality problems 1363 43.5 Measuring power quality 1363 43.6 Amerlioration of power quality problems 1363 Section I Sectors of Electricity Use 1367 44 Road Transport 1369 44.1 Electrical equipment of road transport vehicles 1371 44.2 Light rail transit 1381 44.3 Battery vehicles 1385 44.4 Road traffic control and information systems 1390 45 Railways 1395 45.1 Railway electrification 1397 45.2 Diesel-electric traction 1405 45.3 Systems, EMC and standards 1407 45.4 Railway signalling and control 1408 46 Ships 1421 46.1 Introduction 1423 46.2 Regulations 1423 46.3 Conditions of service 1423 46.4 Dc installations 1423 46.5 Ac installations 1424 46.6 Earthing 1424 46.7 Machines and transformers 1424 46.8 Switchgear 1426 46.9 Cables 1427 46.10 Emergency power 1427 46.11 Steering gear 1427 46.12 Refridgerated cargo spaces 1428 46.13 Lighting 1428 46.14 Heating 1429 46.15 Watertight doors 1429 46.16 Ventilating fans 1429 46.17 Radio interfaerence and electromagnetic compatibility 1429 46.18 Deck auxiliaries 1429 46.19 Remote and automatic control systems 1430 46.20 Tankers 1432 46.21 Steam plant 1433 46.22 Generators 1433 46.23 Diesel engines 1433 46.24 Electric propulsion 1433 47 Aircraft 1439 47.1 Introduction 1441 47.2 Engine technology 1441 47.3 Wing technology 1442 47.4 Integrated active controls 1444 47.5 Flight-control systems 1444 47.6 Systems technology 1445 47.7 Hydraulic systems 1446 47.8 Air-frame mounted accessory drives 1447 47.9 Electrohydraulic flight controls 1449 47.10 Electromechanical flight controls 1450 47.11 Aircraft electric power 1450 47.12 Summary of power systems 1451 47.13 Environmental control system 1452 47.14 Digital power-digital load management 1455 48 Mining Applications 1459 48.1 General 1461 48.2 Power supplies 1462 48.3 Winders 1463 48.4 Underground transport 1464 48.5 Coal-face layout 1467 48.6 Power loaders 1469 48.7 Heading machines 1470 48.8 Flameproof and intrinsically safe equipment 1470 48.9 Gate-end boxes 1472 48.10 Flameproof motors 1475 48.11 Cables, couplers, plugs and sockets 1476 48.12 Drilling machines 1478 48.13 Underground lighting 1478 48.14 Monitoring and control 1479 49 Standards and Certification 1481 49.1 Introduction 1483 49.2 Organisations preparing electrical standards 1485 49.3 The structure and application of standards 1490 49.4 Testing, certification and approval to standard recommendations 1494 49.5 Sources of standards information 1494 For ease of use, this edition has been divided into the following subject sections: general principles; materials and processes; control, power electronics and drives; environment; power generation; transmission and distribution; power systems; sectors of electricity use.

New chapters and major revisions include: industrial instrumentation; digital control systems; programmable controllers; electronic power conversion; environmental control; hazardous area technology; electromagnetic compatibility; alternative energy sources; alternating current generators; electromagnetic transients; power system planning; reactive power plant and FACTS controllers; electricity economics and trading; power quality.

*An essential source of techniques, data and principles for all practising electrical engineers
*Written by an international team of experts from engineering companies and universities
*Includes a major new section on control systems, PLCs and microprocessors