Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids : Volume 2: Applications

Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids is a set of two books dedicated to presenting the latest novel and advanced research from around the world in this exciting area. These books highlight the important properties of electrochemistry in ionic liquids - as opposed to the more commonly used aqueous and organic environments - and the many applications. Readers will find 20 chapters gathered in two books: Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids - Volume 1, Fundamentals: This book critically discusses electrode-electrolyte interfacial processes, reference electrodes, ultramicroelectrode voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy, semi-integral and convolution voltammetry, and small-angle X-ray scattering coupled with voltammetry. The structure and properties of protic ionic liquids, deep-eutectic solvents, task-specific ionic liquids, polymeric ion gels, and lithium-ion solvation, useful for electrochemical application is also critically discussed. Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids - Volume 2, Applications: The major topics covered in this book include electrodeposition and electroless deposition, voltammetry of adhered microparticles, electrochemistry of organic and organometallic compounds, electrocatalytic reactions, oxygen reduction reaction, ionic liquids in surface protection and lubrication, current industrial application of ionic liquids, and challenges, issues and recycling methods of ionic liquids in industrial developments Preface for First Volume 6 Preface for Second Volume 8 Contents 10 Contributors 14 About the Editor 18 Chapter 11: Introduction 19 References 21 Part III: Electrodeposition in Ionic Liquids 22 Chapter 12: Electrodeposition of Semiconductors in Ionic Liquids 23 12.1 Introduction 23 12.2 II-VI Compound Semiconductors 25 12.2.1 CdTe 25 12.2.2 ZnTe 25 12.2.3 CdS 26 12.2.4 ZnS 26 12.2.5 CdSe 27 12.2.6 ZnO 27 12.3 III-V Compound Semiconductors 28 12.3.1 GaAs 28 12.3.2 InSb 28 12.3.3 AlSb 29 12.4 Other Compound Semiconductors 29 12.4.1 SnS 29 12.4.2 ZnSb 30 12.5 Elemental Semiconductors 30 12.5.1 Si 30 12.5.2 Ge 33 12.5.3 SixGe1-x 35 12.6 Semiconductor Nanostructures 37 12.6.1 Nanowires, Nanotubes, and Nanorods 37 12.6.2 Macroporous Structures 39 12.7 Concluding Remarks 41 References 42 Chapter 13: A Disproportionation Reaction-Driven Electroless Deposition of Metals in RTILs 47 13.1 Introduction 47 13.2 Disproportionation Reaction 50 13.2.1 Disproportionation Reaction of Gold in RTILs 51 13.2.2 Disproportionation Reaction of Platinum in RTILs 54 13.2.2.1 Redox Behavior of [PtIVCl6]2- and [PtIICl4]2- in [DEME][BF4] [6] 54 13.2.2.2 Disproportionation Reaction of [PtIICl4]2- in [DEME][BF4] 56 13.2.2.3 Effects of Proton, Anion, and Temperature on the Disproportionation Reaction of [PtIICl4]2- [49] 59 13.2.2.4 Mechanism of Electroless Deposition of Pt 59 13.3 Disproportionation Reaction of Copper in RTILs 61 13.4 Conclusion 62 References 63 Part IV: Reactions in Ionic Liquids 67 Chapter 14: Voltammetry of Adhered Microparticles in Contact with Ionic Liquids: Principles and Applications 68 14.1 Introduction 68 14.2 Electrode Preparation and Experimental Setup 70 14.3 Basic Principles 71 14.3.1 Voltammetry of Adhered Microparticles in Contact with Bulk Ionic Liquids 71 14.3.2 Voltammetry of Adhered Microparticles in Contact with a Thin Layer of Ionic Liquid 78 14.4 Applications 81 14.4.1 Measurement of Reversible Potentials for Compounds with Slow Dissolution Kinetics 81 14.4.2 Measurements of the Kinetics of First-Order Homogeneous Reactions Coupled to Heterogeneous Electron Transfer 84 14.4.3 Voltammetric Measurements on Reactive Species 87 14.4.3.1 Studies with Compounds that React with the Ionic Liquid or an Impurity such as Water Present in the Ionic Liquid 87 14.4.3.2 Studies with Compounds with Products from Reduction or Oxidation That React with the Ionic Liquid or an Impurity Such... 89 14.5 Conclusions 92 References 93 Chapter 15: Electrochemical Reaction of Organic Compounds in Ionic Liquids 97 15.1 Introduction 97 15.2 Oxidation Reactions 98 15.2.1 Oxidation of Aromatic Rings 98 15.2.2 Oxidation of Amines 103 15.2.3 Oxidation of Sulfur-Containing Compounds 105 15.3 Reduction Reactions 105 15.3.1 Reduction of Conjugated Alkenes 105 15.3.2 Reduction of Halogenated Organic Compounds 108 15.3.3 Reduction of Aromatic Rings 112 15.3.4 Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds 114 15.3.5 Reduction of Nitro-Containing Compounds 119 15.4 Conclusions 122 References 122 Chapter 16: Electrode Reactions of Tris(2,2-Bipyridine) Complexes of Some Transition Metals in Ionic Liquids 126 16.1 Introduction 126 16.2 Some Tips on Electrochemical Measurements in ILs 127 16.3 Redox Reactions of the Tris(bpy) Complexes of Some Transition Metals 129 16.4 Diffusion of Tris(bpy) Complexes in Some ILs 131 16.5 Rate Constants of Tris(bpy) Complexes in Some ILs 135 16.6 Temperature Dependence of the Redox Potentials of [M(bpy)3]n+1/n 139 16.7 Concluding Remarks 142 References 142 Chapter 17: Electrocatalysis in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids 144 17.1 Introduction 144 17.2 Protic Ionic Liquids 146 17.3 Electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in RTILs 147 17.4 Electrocatalysis of the H2 Oxidation and H2 Evolution Reactions in RTILs 152 17.5 Overview of the Roles of Adsorbates During Electrocatalysis in RTILs 155 17.5.1 The CO Oxidation and Methanol Oxidation Reactions in RTILs 156 17.5.2 Hydrazine Oxidation in RTILs 160 17.6 Concluding Remarks 161 References 162 Chapter 18: Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Ionic Liquids: An Overview 168 18.1 Introduction 168 18.2 Mechanism in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids 171 18.2.1 Influence of Protic Additives on the ORR in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids 176 18.3 Mechanism in Quaternary Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquids 179 18.4 Mechanism in Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids 180 18.5 Mechanism in Quaternary Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids 181 18.6 Calculation of Diffusion and Concentration of Oxygen in Ionic Liquids 186 18.7 Conclusions 188 References 189 Part V: Applications 191 Chapter 19: Ionic Liquids in Surface Protection 192 19.1 Ionic Liquids in Surface Protection 192 19.1.1 Corrosion Protection 197 19.1.1.1 Lithium and Lithium Alloys 197 19.1.1.2 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 198 19.1.1.3 Steel 201 19.1.1.4 Copper and Copper Alloys 204 19.1.1.5 Aluminium Alloys 206 19.2 Ionic Liquids in Lubrication and Tribology 207 19.2.1 Conventional IL Lubricants 207 19.2.2 Halogen-Free IL Lubricants 208 19.2.3 IL Nanolubricants and Nanocoatings 209 19.2.4 Two-Component IL Films 209 19.2.5 Quantized Friction Through IL Tribolayers 210 19.2.6 Present and Future Trends in IL Tribology 212 19.2.6.1 Structure and Composition 212 19.2.6.2 Influence of Water and Moisture 213 19.2.6.3 Surface Micro-Pattern and Porosity 213 19.2.6.4 IL-Nanophase Nanolubricants 214 19.2.6.5 Influence of Surface Charge and Applied Potential 214 19.2.6.6 Predictive Models 214 References 215 Chapter 20: Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids 221 20.1 Introduction 221 20.2 Synthesis 225 20.2.1 Cation 225 20.2.1.1 Five-Membered Heterocyclic Cations 225 20.2.1.2 Six-Membered and Benzo-Fused Heterocyclic Cations 226 20.2.1.3 Ammonium, Phosphonium, and Sulfonium-Based Cations 227 20.2.1.4 Functionalized Imidazolium Cations 228 20.2.1.5 Chiral Cations 228 20.2.2 Anions 229 20.2.3 Purification of Ionic Liquids 231 20.2.3.1 Common IL Impurities 231 20.2.3.2 Characterization of Impurities 233 20.3 Industrial Applications 234 20.3.1 BASIL ́s Process 235 20.3.2 Dimersol Process 237 20.3.3 DifasolTM Process 238 20.3.4 Degussa 240 20.3.4.1 Hydrosilylation 240 20.3.4.2 Paint Additives 243 20.3.4.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries 244 20.3.5 IoLiTec 244 20.3.6 Central Glass Co., Ltd. 246 20.3.7 Eastman Chemical Company 247 20.3.8 Eli Lilly 248 20.3.9 PetroChina 248 20.3.10 Air Products 249 20.3.11 Others 250 20.4 Challenges, Issues, and Recycling Methods of Ionic Liquids 250 20.4.1 Cost of ILs 250 20.4.2 Stability 253 20.4.3 Waste Disposal 253 20.4.4 Recycling Methods of Ionic Liquids 254 20.5 Conclusion 257 References 258 Symbols and Abbreviations 262 Ionic Liquid Abbreviations 262 Cations 262 Anions 264 Chemical Abbreviations 265 Abbreviations 267 Roman Symbols 269 Greek Symbols 272 Index for First Volume 273 Index for Second Volume 277