Epoxy-Based Biocomposites

Handbook of Thermoset-Based Biocomposites is a three-volume set that provides a comprehensive review on the recent developments, characterization, and applications of natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites. An in-depth look at hybrid composites, nanofillers, and natural fiber reinforcement is divided into three books on polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy composites. The volumes explore the widespread applications of natural fiber-reinforced polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy composites ranging from the aerospace sector, automotive parts, construction and building materials, sports equipment, and household appliances. Investigating the physio-chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of these composites, the volumes also consider the influence of hybridization, fibre architecture, and fibre-ply orientation. This three-volume set serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of composites. Table of Contents: Polyester-Based Biocomposites. Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites. Epoxy-Based Biocomposites. Epoxy-Based Biocomposites highlights the influence of fibre type, nanofillers, and ageing conditions on the performance of epoxy-based biocomposites subjected to various loading conditions. This book serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of polymer composites. In addition to investigating the behaviour of hybrid biocomposites and biocomposites reinforced with various nanofillers, this book discusses the response of epoxy-based biocomposites exposed to moisture absorption, accelerated weathering, and hygrothermal ageing. This book also considers the static and dynamic properties, such as creep, fatigue, and free vibration properties. Cover Half Title Epoxy-Based Biocomposites Copyright Dedication Contents Preface Editors Contributors 1. Epoxy Resin as Matrix for Polymer Composites: Factors Influencing the Properties of Polymers and Their Composites Contents 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Curing of Epoxy Resins 1.3 Curing Agents 1.4 Types of Epoxy Resins 1.4.1 Polynuclear Phenol Epoxy 1.4.2 DGEBA Epoxy Resins 1.4.3 DGEBF Epoxy Resins 1.4.4 TGMDA Epoxy Resins 1.4.5 Phthalonitrile/Phenolic (PNP) Epoxy Resins 1.4.6 Bio-Based Epoxy Resins 1.5 Mechanical Properties 1.6 Physicochemical Properties 1.7 Thermal and Electrical Properties 1.8 Applications 1.8.1 Adhesives 1.8.2 Marine Applications 1.8.3 Automotive Applications 1.8.4 Aerospace Applications 1.9 Conclusions References 2. Bast Fiber-Based Epoxy Composites Contents 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Bast Fibers 2.3 Classification of Bast Fiber 2.3.1 Hemp 2.3.2 Jute 2.3.3 Flax 2.3.4 Kenaf 2.3.5 Ramie 2.4 Extraction and Processing of Bast Fibers 2.4.1 Mechanical Extraction Techniques 2.4.2 Retting Process 2.4.3 Decortication 2.4.4 Surface Treatment of Bast Fibers 2.5 Fabrication of Bast Fiber Epoxy Composites 2.5.1 Hand Lay-up 2.5.2 Molding Using a Resin Transfer System 2.5.3 Compression Molding 2.6 Properties of Bast Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 2.6.1 Mechanical Properties 2.6.2 Thermal Properties 2.6.3 Acoustic Properties 2.6.4 Moisture Content 2.7 Merits and Demerits of Bast Fibers 2.8 Applications of Bast Fiber-Reinforced Composites 2.9 Conclusion References 3. Leaf Fiber-Based Epoxy Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Properties Contents 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sisal-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.3 Henequen-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.4 Abaca-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.5 Banana-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.6 Pineapple-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.7 Moringa Oleifera-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.8 Phormium Tenax Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.9 Arundo Donax L.-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.10 Screw-pine-Based Epoxy Bio-Composites 3.11 Future Perspective 3.12 Conclusion References 4. Agro Waste-Based Epoxy Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Properties Contents 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Agro Waste Fibers 4.3 Epoxy 4.4 Agro Waste-Based Epoxy Composites 4.4.1 Thermal Properties 4.4.2 Mechanical Properties 4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5. Grass Fiber-Based Epoxy Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Properties Contents 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fiber Extraction Process 5.3 Properties of Grass Fibers 5.3.1 Chemical Properties 5.3.2 Physio-Mechanical Properties 5.4 Grass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 5.4.1 Epoxy Resin 5.4.2 Processing Techniques 5.4.2.1 Compression Molding 5.4.2.2 Extrusion Molding 5.4.2.3 Sheet Molding 5.4.2.4 Injection Molding 5.4.2.5 Resin Transfer Molding 5.5 Properties of Grass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 5.5.1 Mechanical Properties 5.5.1.1 Tensile Strength 5.5.1.2 Flexural Strength 5.5.1.3 Impact Strength 5.5.2 Thermal Properties 5.5.2.1 Thermal Conductivity 5.5.2.2 Thermal Diffusivity 5.5.2.3 Thermal Degradation 5.6 Conclusion References 6. Wood Fibre-Based Epoxy Composites Contents 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Wood Polymer Composites 6.2 Mechanical Properties of WPCs 6.2.1 Wood Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.2.2 Wood Particulate-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.2.3 Hybrid Wood-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.3 Morphological Characterization of WPCs 6.3.1 Wood Particulate-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.3.2 Hybrid Wood-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.4 Effect of Weathering 6.4.1 Wood Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.4.2 Wood Particulate-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.4.3 Hybrid Wood-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.5 Biodegradability of WPC 6.5.1 Wood Particulate-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.5.2 Hybrid Wood-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 6.6 Case Study: Biodegradation of WPCs and Effects on the Thermo- Mechanical Properties 6.7 Conclusions References 7. Palm Fiber-Based Epoxy Composites Contents 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Oil Palm Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 7.3 Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 7.4 SPF-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 7.5 Peach Palm Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 7.6 Conclusion References 8. Natural Fibres-Based Bio-Epoxy Composites: Mechanical and Thermal Properties Contents 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Production of Composites Using Bio-Epoxy 8.3 Use of Natural Fibres in Bio-Epoxy Composites 8.4 Mechanical Properties of Bio-Epoxy Natural Fibre Composites 8.5 Thermal Properties of Bio-Epoxy/Natural Fibre Composites 8.6 Conclusions References 9. Natural Fiber/Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Properties Contents 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber/Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites 9.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Natural Fiber/Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites 9.4 DSC of Natural Fiber/Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites 9.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10. Natural Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites: Thermal, Morphological and Mechanical Properties Contents 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Properties of Natural Fibers 10.3 Treatments for Enhancing the Properties of Natural Fibers 10.4 Natural Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.4.1 Kenaf Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.4.2 Banana Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.4.3 Cotton Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.4.4 Sisal Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.4.5 Date Palm Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.4.6 Kapok Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.4.7 Bamboo Fiber-Based Bionanocomposites 10.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 11. Nanocellulose as Reinforcement in Epoxy Composites Contents 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellulose and Derivatives for Application in Composites 11.2.1 Obtaining Cellulose 11.2.2 Cellulose Properties 11.2.3 Cellulose Derivatives 11.3 Nanotechnology Applied to Epoxy Composites 11.4 Nanocellulose as a Reinforcing Agent in Epoxy Composites 11.4.1 Nanocrystals 11.4.2 Nanofibers 11.5 Future Perspectives 11.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 12. Fatigue Behavior of Natural Fiber-Based Epoxy Composites Contents 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Fatigue Test Methods 12.3 Predictions for Fatigue Life 12.4 Fatigue Life Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) 12.5 Fatigue Damage Modeling of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 12.6 Fatigue Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites 12.7 Fatigue Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 12.8 Nanoparticles-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 12.9 Nanofibers-Reinforced Epoxy Composites 12.10 3d Woven Fiber-Based Epoxy Matrix Composites 12.11 Conclusion References 13. Epoxy Nanocomposites for Fire-Retardant Applications Contents Abbreviations 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Organic Nanoparticles 13.2.1 Graphene 13.2.2 Carbon Nanotube 13.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 13.3.1 Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) 13.3.2 Other Clays 13.3.3 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) 13.4 Hybrid Composites 13.4.1 Graphene or CNT-Clay Hybrids 13.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 14. Suspension Behaviour of Cornstalk Fibre/Fibreglass/Epoxy Composites Leaf Spring Using Finite Element Analysis Contents 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Composites for Leaf Spring 14.2 Materials and Methods 14.2.1 Materials 14.2.2 Methods 14.3 Results and Discussion 14.3.1 Structural Response of Composites Leaf Spring 14.3.2 Fatigue Behaviour of Composites Leaf Spring 14.3.3 Modal Analysis 14.4 Conclusion References 15. Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Marine Applications Contents 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for the Marine Applications 15.3 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Marine Applications 15.4 Thermal Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Marine Applications 15.5 Conclusion References Index "Epoxy-Based Biocomposites highlights the influence of fiber type, nanofillers, and aging conditions on the performance of epoxy-based biocomposites subjected to various loading conditions. The book serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of polymer composites"-- Provided by publisher