Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites

Handbook of Thermoset-Based Biocomposites is a three-volume set that provides a comprehensive review on the recent developments, characterization, and applications of natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites. An in-depth look at hybrid composites, nanofillers, and natural fiber reinforcement is divided into three books on polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy composites. The volumes explore the widespread applications of natural fiber-reinforced polyester, vinyl ester, and epoxy composites ranging from the aerospace sector, automotive parts, construction and building materials, sports equipment, and household appliances. Investigating the physio-chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of these composites, the volumes also consider the influence of hybridization, fibre architecture, and fibre-ply orientation. This three-volume set serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of composites. Table of Contents: Polyester-Based Biocomposites. Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites. Epoxy-Based Biocomposites. Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments, characterization, and applications of natural fiber-reinforced vinyl ester biocomposites. It also addresses the importance of natural fiber reinforcement on the mechanical, thermal, and interfacial properties. The book explores the widespread applications of natural fibre-reinforced vinyl ester composites ranging from the aerospace sector, automotive parts, construction and building materials, sports equipment, to household appliances. Investigating the moisture absorption and ageing on the physio-chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the vinyl ester-based composites, this book also considers the influence of hybridization, fibre architecture, and fiber-ply orientation. The book serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of polymer composites. Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites provides a comprehensive review on the recent developments, characterization, and applications of natural fiber-reinforced vinyl ester biocomposites. It also addresses the importance of natural fiber reinforcement on the mechanical, thermal, and interfacial properties. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 Preface 10 Editors 12 Contributors 14 Chapter 1 Introduction to Vinyl Ester Resin: Synthesis, Curing Behaviour and its Properties 18 1.1 Introduction 18 1.2 Common Types of Vinyl Ester Structures 20 1.2.1 Bisphenol A-Epoxy VERs 20 1.2.2 Epoxy-Novolac VERs 20 1.2.3 Flame-Retardant VERs 21 1.2.4 Urethane-Based VERs 21 1.2.5 Radiation-Curable VERs 22 1.3 Synthesis of Vinyl Ester Resins 22 1.4 Curing of Vinyl Ester Resins: Mechanism and Kinetics 25 1.5 Properties of Vinyl Ester Resins 26 1.5.1 Chemical and Rheological Properties 27 1.5.2 Mechanical Properties 29 1.5.3 Thermal Properties 33 1.6 Conclusions 35 References 35 Chapter 2 Tensile, Flexural and Interfacial Properties of the Vinyl Ester–Based Bio-Composites 42 2.1 Introduction 42 2.2 Leaf-Based Fibers/Vinyl Ester Bio-Composites 43 2.3 The Bast-Based Fibers/Vinyl Ester Bio-Composites 48 2.4 The Grass- and Cane-Based Fibers/Vinyl Ester Bio-Composites 50 2.5 Other Bio-Reinforcement/Vinyl Ester Bio-Composites 51 2.6 Future Perspective 53 2.7 Conclusion 53 References 53 Chapter 3 Compression and Impact Properties of Vinyl Ester-Based Bio-Composites 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3.1.1 Thermoset Composites 59 3.1.2 Vinyl Ester and its Properties 59 3.1.2.1 Properties of VE 59 3.1.3 Vinyl Ester (VE)-Based Bio-Composites 60 3.2 Compression Properties of VE-Based Bio-Composites 61 3.3 Impact Properties of VE-Based Bio-Composites 63 3.4 Conclusions 67 References 68 Chapter 4 Thermal Properties of Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites 74 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites 77 4.3 Thermal Properties of Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites 78 4.4 Conclusion 83 References 83 Chapter 5 Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites: Influence of Agro-Wastes on Thermal and Mechanical Properties 92 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Mechanical Properties of Vinyl Ester/Agro-Waste Biocomposites 93 5.3 Thermal Properties of Vinyl Ester/Agro-Waste Biocomposites 97 5.4 Strategies for the Mechanical and Thermal Properties Enhancement 100 5.5 Challenges and Future Perspective 103 Acknowledgment 103 References 103 Chapter 6 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites: Influence of Hybridization on Mechanical and Thermal Properties 108 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Different Natural Fibers Used for Hybridization 110 6.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Natural Fibers 110 6.4 Surface Modification of Natural Fibers 111 6.4.1 Physical Methods 111 6.4.2 Chemical Methods 112 6.4.3 Biological Methods 113 6.5 Polymers Used for Composites Fabrication 113 6.6 Various Composites Developed From Natural Fibers Reinforcement 113 6.7 Technology Behind Vinyl Ester Polymer 114 6.8 Natural Fibers Reinforcement with Vinyl Ester Polymers 116 6.9 Hybrid Composites Developed From Vinyl Ester Polymers 118 6.10 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Developed Hybrid Composites 118 6.11 Application of Vinyl Ester Polymers 119 6.12 Conclusion 120 References 120 Chapter 7 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites: Influence of CNT Nanofillers on Thermal and Mechanical Properties 126 7.1 Introduction to Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (NFP) Composites 126 7.1.1 Natural Fiber Types 127 7.1.2 Properties 127 7.1.3 Natural Fibers and their Application in Industries 129 7.1.4 Limitations 129 7.2 Improve Interface/Interphase of NFPs Through Addition of Nanofillers 130 7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): Types, Structure, and Functionalization 131 7.3 CNTs and Functionalized CNTs Influence on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Natural Fiber (NF)/VE Composites 133 7.4 Conclusions 139 References 139 Chapter 8 Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites: Influence of Nanoclay on Thermal and Mechanical Properties 142 8.1 Introduction 142 8.2 Natural Fibres for Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites 144 8.3 Vinyl Esters for Biocomposites 147 8.4 Influence of Nanoclay 147 8.5 Application of Vinyl Ester Biocomposites 151 8.6 Conclusions 153 References 153 Chapter 9 Natural Fibre-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites: Influence of Silica Nanoparticles on Thermal and Mechanical Properties 158 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Preparation Techniques for Vinyl Ester Silica Nanoparticles (VESiNPs) Composites 159 9.3 Properties of Vinyl Ester Silica Nanoparticles (VESiNPs) Composites 160 9.3.1 Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Vinyl Ester 160 9.3.2 Silica Nanoparticles 163 9.3.3 Vinyl Ester Silica Nanoparticles (VESiNPs) Composites 164 9.4 Effect of SiNPs Incorporation on Thermal and Mechanical Properties in VESiNPs Composites 165 9.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 170 9.6 Acknowledgement 171 References 171 Chapter 10 Natural Fiber–Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites: Influence of Moisture Absorption on the Physical, Thermal and Mechanical Properties 178 10.1 Introduction 178 10.2 Natural Fibers Reinforcement 179 10.3 Vinyl Ester 180 10.4 Fiber Reinforcement on Vinyl Ester Composites 181 10.4.1 Preparation of Composites 181 10.4.2 Properties of Natural Fiber– Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites 182 10.5 Water Uptake Experiments 182 10.6 Influence of Moisture Absorption 184 10.6.1 Physical Properties 184 10.6.2 Thermal Properties 185 10.6.3 Mechanical Properties 186 10.7 Conclusions 188 References 188 Chapter 11 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites: Influence of Soil Burial on Physico-Chemical, Thermal and Mechanical Properties 194 11.1 Introduction 194 11.2 Soil Burial Tests 196 11.3 Water Absorption 196 11.4 Mass Loss 197 11.5 Mechanical Properties 199 11.6 Thermal Properties 201 11.7 FTIR Analysis 202 11.8 SEM Analysis 203 11.9 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 205 11.10 Conclusion 206 References 206 Chapter 12 Vinyl Ester-Based Biocomposites for Various Applications 210 12.1 Introduction 210 12.2 Potential Applications 211 12.2.1 Composite 211 12.2.1.1 Bio-based Vinyl Ester Resins 211 12.2.1.2 Natural Fibers-Reinforced VERs Composite 213 12.2.2 Coating 214 12.2.3 Fire Retardant 216 12.2.4 Adhesive 217 12.3 Summary 218 References 218 Chapter 13 Kenaf-Banana-Jute Fiber-Reinforced Vinyl Ester-Based Hybrid Composites: Thermomechanical, Dynamic Mechanical and Thermogravimetric Analyses 224 13.1 Introduction 225 13.2 Materials and Methods 226 13.2.1 Materials 226 13.2.2 Fabrication 226 13.3 Characterization 227 13.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 227 13.3.2 Thermomechanical Analysis 227 13.3.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 227 13.3.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Test 227 13.4 Results and Discussions 227 13.4.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 227 13.4.2 Thermomechanical Analysis 229 13.4.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 231 13.4.3.1 Storage Modulus E' 232 13.4.3.2 Loss Modulus E'' 232 13.4.3.3 Tan Delta 235 13.4.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 235 13.5 Conclusion 238 References 239 Index 242 Vinyl,ester,resin;,Hybrid,composites;,silica,nanoparticles;,Reinforced,vinyl,ester,composites;,natural,fibre;,Biocomposites Vinyl ester resin,Hybrid composites,silica nanoparticles,Reinforced vinyl ester composites,natural fibre,Biocomposites