Fueling development : energy technologies for developing countries

Cover......Page 1 Front Matter......Page 2 Foreword......Page 4 Advisory Panel......Page 5 Project Staff......Page 6 Workshop Participants......Page 7 Outside Reviewers......Page 9 Table of Contents......Page 11 1:Overview......Page 12 ENERGY ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 14 The Example of Electricity......Page 16 Impediments to the Adoption of Energy Efficient Technology......Page 19 Conversion Technologies......Page 20 Primary Energy Supplies......Page 21 Impediments to Adoption......Page 22 ISSUES AND OPTIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES......Page 23 2:Energy and the Developing Countries......Page 26 Boxes......Page 27 INTRODUCTION......Page 28 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK......Page 30 DEVELOPING AND INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES......Page 32 Energy Use......Page 33 Energy Supply......Page 36 Developing Countries in World Energy......Page 37 Factors Increasing Energy Demand......Page 38 Difficulties in Meeting Energy Demands......Page 40 Energy and Economic Development......Page 42 Energy and the Traditional Economy......Page 44 Energy and the Environment......Page 48 Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change......Page 50 CONCLUSION......Page 54 3:Energy Services: Residential and Commercial......Page 55 Boxes......Page 56 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY......Page 57 COOKING......Page 60 WATER HEATING......Page 70 LIGHTING......Page 73 REFRIGERATION......Page 81 SPACE CONDITIONING......Page 87 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT......Page 92 BARRIERS TO CONSUMER PURCHASE OF’ ENERGY EFFICIENT APPLIANCES......Page 93 POLICY RESPONSES......Page 94 CONCLUSION......Page 98 4:Energy Services: Industry and Agriculture......Page 99 Box......Page 100 Small Scale Industry......Page 101 Modern Industry......Page 104 MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEMS......Page 113 Motor Drive System Design......Page 114 Motors......Page 117 Pumps and Fans......Page 118 Adjustable Speed Drives......Page 122 Pipes and Ducts......Page 125 Steel......Page 127 Cement......Page 133 Pulp and Paper......Page 137 Chemicals......Page 139 IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MATERIAL USAGE......Page 140 Small Scale......Page 142 Financial Constraints......Page 143 Information......Page 144 AGRICULTURE......Page 146 Irrigation......Page 147 Traction......Page 150 CONCLUSION......Page 151 5:Energy Services: Transport......Page 152 Boxes......Page 153 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY......Page 154 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 164 The Truck Fleet......Page 165 Modal Shifts......Page 168 IMPROVING PASSENGER TRANSPORT ENERGY EFFICIENCY......Page 170 Motorized Two- and Three-Wheelers......Page 174 Modal Shifts in Urban Passenger Transport......Page 175 NONMOTORIZED MODES......Page 178 ALTERNATIVE FUELS......Page 180 CONCLUSION......Page 185 6:Energy Conversion Technologies......Page 186 Boxes......Page 187 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY......Page 188 Energy Conversion Technologies......Page 189 Generating System Rehabilitation The......Page 192 System Interconnections The......Page 196 Improved Management......Page 197 Environmental Considerations......Page 198 Clean Coal The......Page 199 Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC)......Page 200 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)......Page 201 Large Hydro......Page 202 Nuclear Power......Page 203 6-D—Nuclear Power in China......Page 205 Cogeneration......Page 206 Geothermal......Page 207 Comparing the Technologies I-f......Page 209 OPTIONS FOR RURAL ELECTRICITY SERVICE......Page 210 Photovoltaics (PVs)......Page 213 MicroHydropower......Page 215 Comparing the Technologies......Page 218 Grid Extension The......Page 220 OIL REFINING......Page 221 BIOMASS......Page 223 Gases and Electricity From Biomass......Page 224 6-J-Current Gas Turbine Research......Page 229 Liquid Fuels From Biomass The......Page 231 $250,000.......Page 234 7:Energy Resources and Supplies......Page 237 Contents......Page 238 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY......Page 239 OIL AND GAS SUPPLY......Page 241 Oil and Gas Reserves The......Page 242 Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technologies In the......Page 244 Policy options......Page 251 Coal Reserves and Consumption in the Developing World Coal......Page 252 Coal Cleaning Techniques Coal......Page 254 BIOMASS RESOURCES......Page 255 Agricultural/Industrial Residues In the......Page 256 Forest Management......Page 258 Energy Crops......Page 259 2.......Page 260 Conclusions......Page 266 8:Issues and Options......Page 267 Boxes......Page 268 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY......Page 269 The U.S. Policy Framework......Page 271 AID Programs......Page 272 AID Office of Energy and Infrastructure......Page 274 Technology Transfer Support......Page 277 Improving the Institutional Framework In......Page 282 Financing Issues The......Page 284 Investment......Page 287 Reducing Poverty and Improving Social Welfare The......Page 291 Protecting the Environment......Page 292 Appendixes......Page 295 A:Capital and Life Cycle Costs for Electricity Services......Page 296 Capital Costs of Electricity Supplies......Page 297 Calculating Operating Costs for Electric Power Systems and End Use......Page 301 Sensitivity Analysis......Page 308 On-Grid Electricity Supply Technologies......Page 311 Off-Grid Electricity Generating Technologies......Page 316 Conversion Factors......Page 319 Abbreviations......Page 320 Glossary......Page 321 Index......Page 324