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Human Growth and Development pulls together information from leading experts in a variety of fields to create a one-volume resource on the human growth stages, environmental effects, and the research methods scientists should use. This text promises to be a great course-planning guide for instructors in various medical and scientific fields in addition to a thorough reference for further research. * Both biological and bio-medical approaches to human development.* Chapters on research methods of growth data collection.* Annotated reference lists for every chapter. * Tremendous breadth of knowledge within a single source. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 Contributors......Page 12 Introduction......Page 14 The Lectures And Lecturers......Page 16 Using This Book......Page 20 References......Page 21 Historical Background......Page 24 The Distance Curve Of Growth......Page 27 The Velocity Growth Curve And Growth Spurts......Page 29 Other Patterns Of Growth......Page 31 Growth Versus Maturity......Page 32 The Control Of Growth......Page 35 Growth Reference Charts......Page 36 Canalization......Page 38 Catch-up Growth......Page 40 Conclusion......Page 41 References......Page 43 Growth In Infancy And Childhood: A Pediatric Approach......Page 44 The Growth Curve......Page 45 A Model For Growth In Height......Page 47 Changes In Body Fat......Page 48 Parental Size And Size At Birth......Page 50 Mid-childhood Or Juvenile Growth Spurt......Page 52 The Relevance Of Physical Growth To Pediatrics......Page 53 Measurements Of Clinical Importance......Page 54 Defining The Auxological Diagnosis......Page 56 Some Considerations Of Pediatric Value......Page 60 Causes Of Short Stature......Page 61 References......Page 65 Adolescent Growth Cycle......Page 68 Growth Modeling And Biological Parameters......Page 71 Tempo Of Growth......Page 76 Individual Versus Average Growth......Page 78 Sex Differences In Growth......Page 82 References......Page 84 Introduction......Page 88 HPG Axis......Page 89 Maturation Of The HPG Axis......Page 92 Causes And Correlates Of HPG Axis Maturation......Page 93 Adrenarche......Page 94 Insulin Sensitivity......Page 96 Leptin......Page 97 Skeletal Maturation......Page 99 End Of Puberty......Page 100 Conclusion......Page 101 References......Page 102 Introduction......Page 108 Gh Secretion—cellular And Molecular......Page 109 Physiology Of Gh Secretion......Page 111 Gh Receptor And Target Organ Signaling......Page 114 Gh And Igf-1 Axis And Its Association With Fetal Growth......Page 115 Endocrinology Of Prepubertal Growth......Page 117 Endocrinology Of Puberty......Page 121 Gh Secretory Patterns In Adulthood......Page 123 Suggested Reading......Page 124 Introduction......Page 126 Statistical Genetic Terms And Concepts......Page 127 Heritability......Page 128 Genetic And Environmental Correlations......Page 129 Applications Of Genetic And Environmental Correlations To Longitudinal Data......Page 130 Genotype-by-environment Interaction......Page 131 Genotype-by-age Interaction......Page 133 Association Studies......Page 134 Quantitative Trait Linkage Analysis......Page 135 Nuclear Families......Page 136 Studies Of The Genetics Of Growth And Development......Page 137 Family Studies Of Growth And Development......Page 138 Fels Longitudinal Study......Page 149 Jiri Growth Study......Page 153 Conclusion......Page 154 Glossary......Page 156 Internet Resources......Page 157 References......Page 158 Introduction......Page 162 Measurement Of Food And Nutrient And Energy Intake......Page 163 Dietary Requirements And Recommended Intake......Page 164 Dietary Goals And Guidelines......Page 168 Assessment Of Nutritional Status......Page 169 Normal Nutrition......Page 171 Malnutrition......Page 173 Protein-energy Malnutrition......Page 175 Catch-up Growth......Page 176 Supplementation Studies......Page 177 Overnutrition......Page 179 Transitions In Nutrition And Growth......Page 180 Nutrition Textbooks For Nonnutritionists......Page 181 Nutrition And Growth In Bioanthropology, Growth, And Human Biology Texts......Page 182 Research Reports And Reviews, Including Individual Chapters......Page 183 References......Page 186 Introduction......Page 188 Research Design Issues......Page 189 Temperature And Climate......Page 190 Season......Page 192 High Altitude Hypoxia......Page 194 Pollutants......Page 199 Cigarette Smoking......Page 200 Air Pollution......Page 203 Organic Compounds: Polychlorinated Biphenyls And Ddt/dde......Page 204 Lead......Page 206 Radiation......Page 208 Noise......Page 209 Conclusion......Page 212 References......Page 213 Introduction......Page 220 Environment Of The Growing Child......Page 221 Modes Of Environmental Effects On Growth......Page 223 The Timing Of Environmental Effects......Page 225 Methodological Issues......Page 228 References......Page 232 Introduction......Page 236 Hormonal Phenotype......Page 237 Explanation: Distinguishing Between Hereditary And Acquired Disease......Page 246 Hormonal Phenotype: Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency......Page 248 Explanation: Homozygosity For Mutation In The Prop1 Gene......Page 250 Deficiency Of Growth Hormone And Other Anterior Pituitary Hormones......Page 252 Isolated Deficiency Of Growth Hormone......Page 254 End Organ Resistance To The Action Of Growth Hormone......Page 256 References......Page 257 Introduction......Page 260 Down Syndrome......Page 261 Turner Syndrome......Page 263 Achondroplasia And Hypochondroplasia......Page 264 Diastrophic Dysplasia......Page 268 Genomic Imprinting......Page 270 Human Imprinting Disorders Affecting Growth......Page 271 Conclusion......Page 272 References......Page 273 Saltation And Stasis: How Children Grow......Page 276 Generation Of The Saltation And Stasis Hypothesis......Page 278 Measurement Protocol......Page 279 Measurement Error Considerations......Page 282 Data Analysis......Page 283 Mathematical Modeling......Page 285 Biology Of Saltatory Growth: Mechanisms And Hypothesis Testing......Page 289 References......Page 292 Chemical Maturation And The Life Cycle......Page 294 Body Composition Models......Page 295 Nutrition, Adaptation, And Functional Outcomes......Page 296 Heredity Versus Environment......Page 297 Anthropometry......Page 298 Densitometric Methods......Page 300 Isotope Dilution Methods......Page 301 Potassium-40......Page 304 Neutron Activation......Page 305 Infancy......Page 307 Adolescence......Page 308 Adulthood And Senescence......Page 309 Body Composition And Diet......Page 311 Health Consequences Of Obesity......Page 312 Physical Activity And Body Composition......Page 313 References......Page 314 Growth And Evolution......Page 318 Life History And Stages Of The Life Cycle......Page 319 Human Life Stages......Page 321 Infancy......Page 322 Childhood......Page 324 Adolescence......Page 326 Why Childhood?......Page 328 Why Adolescence?......Page 330 Why Do Boys Have Adolescence?......Page 332 When Did Childhood And Adolescence Evolve?......Page 333 The Valuable Grandmother, Or Could Menopause Evolve?......Page 340 References......Page 341 Introduction......Page 344 Physical Activity......Page 345 Comparative......Page 346 Activity And Stature......Page 347 Activity, Body Weight, And Body Composition......Page 350 Activity And Physique......Page 356 Skeletal Tissue......Page 357 Skeletal Muscle......Page 359 Adipose Tissue......Page 360 Sexual Maturation......Page 366 Suggested Reading......Page 368 References......Page 369 Introduction......Page 372 Body Size Assessments......Page 373 Stature......Page 374 Other Body Measurements......Page 375 Triceps And Subscapular Skinfolds......Page 376 Knee Height......Page 377 Assessment Of Body Composition......Page 378 Bioelectric Impedance......Page 379 Regression Analysis......Page 380 Limitations And Sources Of Error......Page 381 References......Page 383 Introduction......Page 386 Initial Considerations......Page 387 Concept Of Time......Page 389 Maturity Indicators......Page 390 Maturational Variation......Page 392 Sexual Dimorphism......Page 393 Methods Of Assessment......Page 394 Secondary Sexual Development......Page 395 Self-assessment Of Pubertal Status......Page 399 Dental Development......Page 400 Age At Menarche......Page 401 Landmarks On The Growth Curve......Page 402 References......Page 403 Growth And Size......Page 406 Chart Form......Page 407 Assessment......Page 408 Clinical Or Public Health Tool......Page 409 Reference Or Standard......Page 410 Design: Cross Sectional, Longitudinal, Mixed Longitudinal?......Page 412 Weighting By Age Or Extending Age Range......Page 413 Select Measurements......Page 414 Equipment And Technique......Page 415 Diagnostic Plots: Marginal And Conditional......Page 416 Age Grouped Or Continuous......Page 417 Distributional Assumptions......Page 418 Form Of Smoothing......Page 420 Puberty......Page 421 Repeated Measures......Page 422 Interpreting The Curves......Page 423 Unconditional Velocity......Page 428 Conditional Velocity......Page 429 Printing The Chart......Page 431 References......Page 433 Annotated References......Page 438 Index......Page 442 Human Growth and Development pulls together information from leading experts in a variety of fields to create a one-volume resource on the human growth stages, environmental effects, and the research methods scientists should use. This text promises to be a great course-planning guide for instructors in various medical and scientific fields in addition to a thorough reference for further research.

* Both biological and bio-medical approaches to human development.
* Chapters on research methods of growth data collection.
* Annotated reference lists for every chapter.
* Tremendous breadth of knowledge within a single source. Offering a study of biological, biomedical and biocultural approaches, the second edition of Human Growth and Development is a valued resource for researchers, professors and graduate students across the interdisciplinary area of human development. With timely chapters on obesity, diet / lifestyle, and genetics, this edition is the only publication offering a biological, biomedical and biocultural approach. The second edition of Human Growth and Development includes contributions from the well-known experts in the field and is the most reputable, comprehensive resource available. Aims to serve as a resource on the human growth stages, environmental effects, and the research methods scientists should use. This text contains both biological and bio-medical approaches to human development and chapters on research methods of growth data collection. It is intended for instructors in various medical and scientific fields.