Mass Spectrometry Basics

Mass Spectrometry Basics provides authoritative yet plain-spoken explanations of the basic concepts of this powerful analytical method without elaborate mathematical derivations. The authors describe processes, applications, and the underlying science in a concise manner supported by figures and graphics to further comprehension. The text provides practical approaches to interpreting mass spectral data and step-by-step guides for identifying chemically relevant compounds. Additionally, the authors have included an extensive reference section and a quick guide to each chapter that offers immediate access to key information. This unique reference makes some of the esoteric aspects of this important area of analysis more readily comprehensible to those who deal with analytical instruments but who have not been trained in mass spectrometry. It also serves as a refresher for practicing mass spectroscopists by clarifying principles to afford a better appreciation and application of this technology. Preface 5 The Authors 7 Introduction 8 Contents 10 1. Chemical Ionization (CI) 22 2. Laser Desorption Ionization (LDI) 28 3. Electron Ionization (EI) 34 4. Fast-Atom Bombardment (FAB) and Liquid-Phase Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (LSIMS) Ionization 38 5. Field Ionization (FI) and Field Desorption (FD) 44 6. Coronas, Plasmas, and Arcs 49 7. Thermal Ionization (TI), Surface Emission of Ions 65 8. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) 74 9. Atmospheric-Pressure Ionization (API) 80 10. Z-Spray Combined Inlet/Ion Source 83 11. Thermospray and Plasmaspray Interfaces 88 12. Particle-Beam Interface 93 13. Dynamic Fast-Atom Bombardment and Liquid-Phase Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (FAB/LSIMS) Interface 97 14. Plasma Torches 103 15. Sample Inlets for Plasma Torches, Part A: Gases 113 16. Sample Inlets for Plasma Torches, Part B: Liquid Inlets 119 17. Sample Inlets for Plasma Torches, Part C: Solid Inlets 125 18. Lasers and Other Light Sources 133 19. Nebulizers 153 20. Hybrid Orthogonal Time-of-Flight (oa-TOF) Instruments 169 21. Hybrid Magnetic-Sector Time-of-Flight (Sector/TOF) Instruments 173 22. Hybrid Hexapole Time-of-Flight (Hexapole/TOF) Instruments 178 23. Hybrid Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q/TOF) Instruments 183 24. Ion Optics of Magnetic/Electric-Sector Mass Spectrometers 188 25. Quadrupole Ion Optics 195 26. Time-of-Flight (TOF) Ion Optics 201 27. Orthogonal Time-of-Flight (oa-TOF) Ion Optics 207 28. Point Ion Collectors (Detectors) 212 29. Array Collectors (Detectors) 216 30. Comparison of Multipoint Collectors (Detectors) of Ions: Arrays and Microchannel Plates 222 31. Time-to- Digital Converters (TDC) 229 32. Origin and Uses of Metastable Ions 235 33. Linked Scanning and Metastable Ions in Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry 240 34. Linked Scanning and Metastable Ions in Magnetic-Sector Mass Spectrometry 245 35. Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC) 253 36. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) 261 37. Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS) 269 38. High-Resolution, Accurate Mass Measurement: Elemental Compositions 277 39. Choice of Mass Spectrometer 283 40. Analysis of Peptides and Proteins by Mass Spectrometry 294 41. Environmental Protection Agency Protocols 302 42. Computers and Transputers in Mass Spectrometers, Part A 309 43. Computers and Transputers in Mass Spectrometers, Part B 317 44. Computers and Transputers in Mass Spectrometers, Part C 322 45. Introduction to Biotechnology 331 46. Isotopes and Mass Spectrometry 339 47. Uses of Isotope Ratios 346 48. Variations in Isotope Ratios 356 49. Transmission of Ions through Inhomogeneous RF Fields 373 Appendix A. Collection of Summaries 385 Appendix B. Glossary of Mass Spectrometry Definitions and Terms 430 Appendix C. Books on Mass Spectrometry and Related Topics 449 Appendix D. Regular Publications in Mass Spectrometry 453 Appendix E. Publications Containing Occasional Papers Related to Mass Spectrometry 454 Index 455 Mass Spectrometry Basics Is A Pedagogy For Novice Practitioners And Those With Little Or No Experience In The Field Of Mass Spectrometry. It Includes Information On Ionisation Processes, Techniques, Instruments, And General Ms And Combined Ms Applications. The Text Also Has An Extensive Reference Section And Quick Guides That Highlight The Essential Information Discussed In Each Chapter. Chemical Ionization (ci) -- Laser Desorption Ionization (ldi) -- Electron Ionization (ei) -- Fast-atom Bombardment (fab) And Liquid-phase Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (lsims) Ionization -- Field Ionization (fi) And Field Desorption (fd) -- Coronas, Plasmas, And Arcs -- Thermal Ionization (ti), Surface Emission Of Ions -- Electrospray Ionization (esi) -- Atmospheric-pressure Ionization (api) -- Z-spray Combined Inlet/ion Source -- Thermospray And Plasmaspray Interfaces -- Particle-beam Interface -- Dynamic Fast-atom Bombardment And Liquid-phase Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (fab/lsims) Interface -- Plasma Torches -- Sample Inlets For Plasma Torches, Part A : Gases -- Sample Inlets For Plasma Torches, Part B : Liquid Inlets -- Sample Inlets For Plasma Torches, Part C : Solid Inlets -- Lasers And Other Light Sources -- Nebulizers -- Hybrid Orthogonal Time-of-flight (oa-tof) Instruments -- Hybrid Magnetic-sector Time-of-flight (sector/tof) Instruments --^ Hybrid Hexapole Time-of-flight (hexapole/tof) Instruments -- Hybrid Quadrupole Time-of-flight (q/tof) Instruments -- Ion Optics Of Magnetic/electric-sector Mass Spectrometers -- Quadrupole Ion Optics -- Time-of-flight (tof) Ion Optics --orthogonal Time-of-flight (oa-tof) Ion Optics -- Point Ion Collectors (detectors) -- Array Collectors (detectors) -- Comparison Of Multipoint Collectors (detectors) Of Ions : Arrays And Microchannel Plates -- Time-to-digital Converters (tdc) -- Origin And Uses Of Metastable Ions -- Linked Scanning And Metastable Ions In Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry -- Linked Scanning And Metastable Ions In Magnetic-sector Mass Spectrometry -- Gas Chromatography (gc) And Liquid Chromatography (lc) -- Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry (gc/ms) -- Liquid Chromatography/mass Spectrometry (lc/ms) --high-resolution, Accurate Mass Measurement : Elemental Compostions -- Choice Of Mass Spectrometer -- Analysis Of Peptides And Proteins By Mass Spectrometry --^ Environmental Protection Agency Protocols -- Computers And Transputers In Mass Spectrometers, Part A. -- Computers And Transputers In Mass Spcetometers, Part B -- Computers And Transputers In Mass Spectrometers, Part C -- Introduction To Biotechnology -- Isotopes And Mass Spectrometry -- Uses Of Isotope Ratios -- Variations In Isotope Ratios -- Transmission Of Ions Through Inhomogenous Rf Fields. Christopher G. Herbert, Robert A.w. Johnstone. Compilation Of Articles Previously Published In The Series Back-to-basics. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 449-452) And Index. Offers explanations of the basic concepts of the analytical method - mass spectrometry. This book describes processes, applications, and the underlying science supported by figures and graphics that further readers' comprehension. This chapter should be read in conjunction with Chapter 3, "Electron Ionization."