Nanotechnology in cement-based construction

Many books on new smart materials are available, but specialized analysis of particular topics is still in high demand. This multiauthor book focuses on applying nanotechnology to cement-based materials to make numerous engineering applications possible. The addition of novel smart nanofillers allows the development of multifunctional composite materials, not just limited to improving mechanical strength, but also including several enhanced features. Special attention is devoted to types of nano-inclusions, novel techniques to mix components, and analysis of properties that can be achieved by paste, mortar, or concrete if added with nanofillers. Among these properties, the capability of self-sensing is very promising. Moreover, the use of phase-changing materials improves the energy efficiency of nanocomposites, resulting in important applications in engineering. Particular attention is also focused on energy harvesting and electromagnetic shielding properties. Comprehensive and up to date, this is an important reference book that not only provides in-depth information about recent developments and perspectives in this field but also discusses topics that promise major developments in the near future. Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 4 Table of Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 13 1.1 Introduction......Page 14 1.2 Dispersion of Nanoinclusions in a Cementitious Matrix......Page 15 1.3 Nanoinclusions for Cement-Based Materials......Page 16 1.3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes......Page 19 1.3.1.4 Carbon black......Page 20 1.3.1.5 Graphene oxide......Page 21 1.3.2.3 Silver nanoparticles......Page 22 1.3.2.7 Nano-MgO......Page 23 1.4 Safety of Nanomaterials......Page 24 1.5 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 25 2 Dispersion Techniques of Nanoinclusions in Cement Matrixes......Page 31 2.1 Carbon Nanotubes: Chemical Structure and Properties......Page 30 2.2 Dispersion Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes: Similia Similibus Solvuntur?......Page 32 2.2.1.1 Ultrasonication physical method......Page 34 2.2.2 Chemical Methods for CNT Dispersion......Page 35 2.2.2.1 Surfactants: structure, properties, and solubilizing capabilities......Page 36 2.3 Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Water with Surfactants: Similia Similibus Solvuntur (with the Help of Ultrasonication)......Page 37 2.3.1 Optimization of CNT Dispersion with Surfactants......Page 40 2.3.1.1 Commercially available surfactants for CNT dispersions......Page 41 2.3.1.2 Increasing CNT dispersion with the use of properly designed surfactants......Page 42 3 Use of Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene for Accelerated Percolation in Composite Cement–Based Sensors Filled with Carbon Black......Page 47 3.1 Introduction......Page 46 3.2 SEBS-CB Sensors......Page 48 3.2.2 Sensor Fabrication......Page 49 3.3 Methodology......Page 51 3.3.1 Mix Proportions......Page 52 3.3.2 Quality Control......Page 53 3.4 Results and Discussion......Page 54 3.4.1 Percolation Thresholds......Page 55 3.4.2 Strain Sensitivity......Page 56 3.5 Conclusion......Page 57 4 Advancements in Silica Aerogel–Based Mortars......Page 61 4.1 Introduction......Page 60 4.1.1 Nanomaterials......Page 64 4.2 Silica-Based Aerogel......Page 66 4.3 Aerogel-Based Mortars......Page 70 4.4 Performance of Aerogel-Based Mortars......Page 73 4.5 Conclusions......Page 75 5 Multifunctional Cement-Based Carbon Nanocomposites......Page 83 5.1 Introduction......Page 82 5.2 Design and Manufacture of Multifunctional Cement-Based Carbon Nanocomposites......Page 84 5.3 Behaviors of Multifunctional Cement-Based Carbon Nanocomposites......Page 86 5.3.1 Mechanical Behaviors......Page 87 5.3.2 Electrically Conductive Behavior......Page 88 5.3.4 Damping Behavior......Page 90 5.3.5 Electromagnetic Shielding/Absorbing Behaviors......Page 91 5.4 Conclusions......Page 92 6.2 Electrically Conductive and Electromechanical Mechanisms......Page 98 6.1 Introduction......Page 97 6.2.1.1 Contacting conduction......Page 99 6.2.1.3 Ionic conduction......Page 100 6.2.2 Electrically Conductive Mechanisms......Page 101 6.3 Analysis of Electromechanical Properties......Page 103 6.3.1 Electrical Resistivity......Page 104 6.4 Modeling of Electromechanical Properties......Page 106 6.3.4 Electrical Impedance Tomography......Page 107 6.4.2 Model Based on Field Emission Conduction......Page 108 6.4.3 Model Based on a Lumped Circuit......Page 109 6.5 Conclusion......Page 110 7 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Composites with Nanomaterials......Page 115 7.1 Introduction......Page 114 7.2 Nanosilica......Page 116 7.3 Nanotitania......Page 117 7.4 Nanoalumina......Page 118 7.5 Nano–Iron Oxide......Page 119 7.6 Nanoclay......Page 120 7.7 Nanocarbon Materials......Page 121 7.7.1 Graphene Nanoplatelets......Page 122 7.7.3 Carbon Nanotubes......Page 123 7.9 Future Perspective......Page 124 8.2 Micromechanics Modeling of the Mechanical Properties of Nanomodified Composites......Page 133 8.1 Introduction and Synopsis......Page 132 8.2.1 Fundamentals of Mean-Field Homogenization......Page 134 8.2.2 Eshelby’s Equivalent Inclusion......Page 139 8.2.5 Extended Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka Approaches......Page 142 8.2.6 Modeling of CNT Waviness......Page 144 8.2.7 Modeling of CNT Agglomeration......Page 148 8.3 Micromechanics Modeling of the Electrical Properties of CNT-Reinforced Composites......Page 149 8.3.1 Physical Mechanisms Governing the Electrical Conductivity of CNT-Reinforced Composites......Page 151 8.3.1.1 Tunneling resistance: thickness and conductivity of the interface......Page 152 8.3.1.2 Nanoscale composite cylinder model for CNTs......Page 153 8.3.2 Percolation Threshold Estimates......Page 154 8.3.3 Micromechanics Model for the Overall Conductivity of CNT-Reinforced Composites......Page 157 8.3.3.1 Waviness and agglomeration effects......Page 160 8.3.4.1 Volume expansion and reorientation of CNTs......Page 161 8.3.4.2 Change in the conductive networks......Page 163 8.3.4.3 Change in the tunneling resistance......Page 164 8.4 Summary......Page 166 9.3 Cement-Based Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring......Page 171 9.2 State of the Art of Nanomodified Structures......Page 170 9.4 Structures with Embedded Cement-Based Sensors......Page 180 9.5 Structures Made of Nanomodified Cement-Based Materials......Page 184 9.6 Comments......Page 195 9.7 Conclusion......Page 196 10.1 Introduction......Page 200 10 Cement-Based Piezoresistive Sensors for Structural Monitoring......Page 201 10.2 Various Types of Cement-Based Sensors......Page 202 10.2.1 Piezoresistivity......Page 203 10.2.2 Cement-Based Composites......Page 204 10.2.3 Carbon-Based Materials (Conductive Fillers)......Page 205 10.2.4 Dispersion of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Cement-Based Composites......Page 206 10.2.5 Preparation of Cement-Based Sensors and Test Configurations......Page 209 10.2.6 Self-Sensing Properties by Various Carbon-Based Materials......Page 211 10.3 Practical Applications of Cement-Based Sensors......Page 214 10.4 Conclusions......Page 220 11.2 Incorporation of PCM in Concrete, Mortar, or Cement......Page 225 11.1 Introduction......Page 224 11.3 Enhancing PCM Microcapsules with Nanoparticles for Cement-Based Composites......Page 226 12.2 Thermal Energy Storage......Page 232 12.1 Introduction......Page 231 12.3 Phase Change Materials......Page 234 12.2.2 Latent Heat Thermal Storage......Page 235 12.4 Cement-Based Composites with PCMs......Page 236 12.4.1 Incorporation of PCMs in Cement-Based Materials Obtained with the Immersion Method......Page 238 12.4.2 Incorporation of PCMs in Cement-Based Materials Obtained with Direct Mixing......Page 239 12.4.3 Incorporation of PCMs in Cement-Based Materials Obtained with the Impregnation Method......Page 242 12.5 PCMs and Nanoinclusions for Cement-Based Materials......Page 248 12.5.1 Selection of PCMs......Page 249 12.5.2 Selection of Nanoparticles......Page 250 12.5.3 PCMs and Nanoinclusions for Cement-Based Materials......Page 251 12.5.4 NEPCM-Cement-Based Materials for Building and Construction Applications......Page 256 12.6 Conclusions......Page 259 13 Self-Heating Conductive Cement-Based Nanomaterials......Page 264 13.1 Introduction......Page 263 13.2 Heating/Cooling Model......Page 265 13.3 Stage of Heating Produced by the Application of Electric Current......Page 266 13.4 Stage of Cooling......Page 267 14 Functional Cementitious Composites for Energy Harvesting and Civil Engineering Applications: An Overview......Page 275 14.1 Introduction......Page 274 14.2 Composite Materials and Their Constituents......Page 276 14.2.1.2 Dispersed (reinforcing) phase......Page 278 14.2.1.3 Interface in the composite structure......Page 279 14.3 Composite Materials with Piezoelectric, Ferroelectric, and Pyroelectric Functionalities......Page 280 14.3.1 Classification......Page 281 14.5 Ambient Energy Harvesting and Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Structures via Cement Nanocomposites......Page 282 14.4.2 Fabrication of Cement-Ceramic Composites......Page 283 14.5.1 Energy Harvesting via Cement Nanocomposites......Page 284 14.5.1.2 Polycrystalline-based materials......Page 287 14.5.1.4 Thermal energy harvesting from pavements via modeling and simulation......Page 291 14.5.1.5 Waste heat harvesting via thermoelectric cement composites......Page 296 14.5.1.6 Electric power harvesting via application of piezoelectric transducers in pavements......Page 297 14.6 Summary and Future Outlook......Page 298 15 Addition of Carbon Nanofibers to Cement Pastes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding in Construction Applications......Page 303 15.1 Introduction......Page 302 15.1.2 Shielding by Absorption......Page 306 15.1.3 Shielding by Multiple Reflections......Page 307 15.2 Experimental......Page 308 15.3 Results and Discussion......Page 309 15.2.2 Testing Procedures......Page 310 15.4 Conclusions......Page 312 16 Perspectives and Challenges of Nanocomposites......Page 315 Index......Page 317 This multiauthor book focuses on the application of nanotechnology to cement-based materials for engineering applications. The addition of novel smart nanofillers allows the development of multifunctional composite materials and not just with respect to higher mechanical strength, as investigated in the past.