Nanotechnology in Cement-Based Construction

Many books on new smart materials are available, but specialized analysis of particular topics is still in high demand. This multiauthor book focuses on applying nanotechnology to cement-based materials to make numerous engineering applications possible. The addition of novel smart nanofillers allows the development of multifunctional composite materials, not just limited to improving mechanical strength, but also including several enhanced features. Special attention is devoted to types of nano-inclusions, novel techniques to mix components, and analysis of properties that can be achieved by paste, mortar, or concrete if added with nanofillers. Among these properties, the capability of self-sensing is very promising. Moreover, the use of phase-changing materials improves the energy efficiency of nanocomposites, resulting in important applications in engineering. Particular attention is also focused on energy harvesting and electromagnetic shielding properties. Comprehensive and up to date, this is an important reference book that not only provides in-depth information about recent developments and perspectives in this field but also discusses topics that promise major developments in the near future. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Part I: Advanced Cement-Based Composites 1: Nanoinclusions for Cementitious Materials 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Dispersion of Nanoinclusions in a Cementitious Matrix 1.3 Nanoinclusions for Cement-Based Materials 1.3.1 Carbon-Based Inclusions 1.3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes 1.3.1.2 Carbon nanofibers 1.3.1.3 Graphene nanoplatelets 1.3.1.4 Carbon black 1.3.1.5 Graphene oxide 1.3.2 Metallic Nanoinclusions 1.3.2.1 Nano-TiO2 1.3.2.2 Nano-Fe2O3 1.3.2.3 Silver nanoparticle 1.3.2.4 Nano-Al2O3 1.3.2.5 Nano-ZnO 1.3.2.6 Nano-ZrO2 1.3.2.7 Nano-MgO 1.3.3 Noncarbon Nanoinclusions 1.3.3.1 Nano-SiO2 1.3.3.2 Nano-CaCO2 1.3.3.3 Nanoclay 1.3.3.4 Cement nanoparticles 1.4 Safety of Nanomaterials 1.5 Discussion and Conclusion 2: Dispersion Techniques of Nanoinclusions in Cement Matrixes 2.1 Carbon Nanotubes Chemical Structure and Properties 2.2 Dispersion Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes Similia Similibus Solvuntur? 2.2.1 Physical Methods for CNT Dispersion 2.2.1.1 Ultrasonication physical method 2.2.2 Chemical Methods for CNT Dispersion 2.2.2.1 Surfactants structure, properties, and solubilizing capabilities 2.3 Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Water with Surfactants Similia Similibus Solvuntur (with the Help of Ultrasonication) 2.3.1 Optimization of CNT Dispersion with Surfactants 2.3.1.1 Commercially available surfactants for CNT dispersions 2.3.1.2 Increasing CNT dispersion with the use of properly designed surfactants 3: Use of Styrene Ethylene Butylene Styrene for Accelerated Percolation in Composite Cement–Based Sensors Filled with Carbon Black 3.1 Introduction 3.2 SEBS-CB Sensors 3.2.1 Materials 3.2.2 Sensor Fabrication 3.3 Methodology 3.3.1 Mix Proportions 3.3.2 Quality Control 3.3.3 Measurements 3.3.4 Electromechanical Model 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Percolation Thresholds 3.4.2 Strain Sensitivity 3.5 Conclusion 4: Advancements in Silica Aerogel–Based Mortars 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Nanomaterials 4.2 Silica-Based Aerogel 4.3 Aerogel-Based Mortars 4.4 Performance of Aerogel-Based Mortars 4.5 Conclusions 5: Multifunctional Cement-Based Carbon Nanocomposites 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design and Manufacture of Multifunctional Cement-Based Carbon Nanocomposites 5.3 Behaviors of Multifunctional Cement-Based Carbon Nanocomposites 5.3.1 Mechanical Behaviors 5.3.2 Electrically Conductive Behavior 5.3.3 Sensing Behavior 5.3.4 Damping Behavior 5.3.5 Electromagnetic Shielding/Absorbing Behaviors 5.3.6 Self-Heating Behavior 5.3.7 Durability 5.4 Conclusions 6: Analysis and Modeling of Electromechanical Properties of Cement-Based Nanocomposites 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Electrically Conductive and Electromechanical Mechanisms 6.2.1 Basic Principles of Electrical Conduction 6.2.1.1 Contacting conduction 6.2.1.2 Tunneling conduction and/or field emission conduction 6.2.1.3 Ionic conduction 6.2.2 Electrically Conductive Mechanisms 6.2.3 Electromechanical Mechanisms 6.3 Analysis of Electromechanical Properties 6.3.1 Electrical Resistivity 6.3.2 Impedance or Electrical Reactance 6.3.3 Electric Capacitance 6.3.4 Electrical Impedance Tomography 6.4 Modeling of Electromechanical Properties 6.4.1 Model Based on Tunneling Conduction 6.4.2 Model Based on Field Emission Conduction 6.4.3 Model Based on a Lumped Circuit 6.5 Conclusion 7: Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Composites with Nanomaterials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nanosilica 7.3 Nanotitania 7.4 Nanoalumina 7.5 Nano–Iron Oxide 7.6 Nanoclay 7.7 Nanocarbon Materials 7.7.1 Graphene Nanoplatelets 7.7.2 Carbon Nanofibers 7.7.3 Carbon Nanotubes 7.8 Other Nanoparticles 7.9 Future Perspective 8: Micromechanics Modeling of Nanomodified Cement-Based Composites Carbon Nanotube 8.1 Introduction and Synopsis 8.2 Micromechanics Modeling of the Mechanical Properties of Nanomodified Composites 8.2.1 Fundamentals of Mean-Field Homogenization 8.2.2 Eshelby's Equivalent Inclusion 8.2.3 The Mori–Tanaka Approach 8.2.4 Self-Consistent Effective-Medium Approach 8.2.5 Extended Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka Approaches 8.2.6 Modeling of CNT Waviness 8.2.7 Modeling of CNT Agglomeration 8.3 Micromechanics Modeling of the Electrical Properties of CNT-Reinforced Composites 8.3.1 Physical Mechanisms Governing the Electrical Conductivity of CNT-Reinforced Composites 8.3.1.1 Tunneling resistance thickness and conductivity of the interface 8.3.1.2 Nanoscale composite cylinder model for CNTs 8.3.2 Percolation Threshold Estimates 8.3.3 Micromechanics Model for the Overall Conductivity of CNT-Reinforced Composites 8.3.3.1 Waviness and agglomeration effects 8.3.4 Micromechanics Model for the Piezoresistivity of CNT-Reinforced Composites 8.3.4.1 Volume expansion and reorientation of CNTs 8.3.4.2 Change in the conductive networks 8.3.4.3 Change in the tunneling resistance 8.4 Summary 9: Use of Carbon Cement–Based Sensors for Dynamic Monitoring of Structures 9.1 Introduction 9.2 State of the Art of Nanomodified Structures 9.3 Cement-Based Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring 9.4 Structures with Embedded Cement-Based Sensors 9.5 Structures Made of Nanomodified Cement-Based Materials 9.6 Comments 9.7 Conclusion Part II: Innovative Applications of Advanced Cement-Based Nanocomposites 10: Cement-Based Piezoresistive Sensors for Structural Monitoring 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Various Types of Cement-Based Sensors 10.2.1 Piezoresistivity 10.2.2 Cement-Based Composites 10.2.3 Carbon-Based Materials (Conductive Fillers) 10.2.4 Dispersion of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Cement-Based Composites 10.2.5 Preparation of Cement-Based Sensors and Test Configurations 10.2.6 Self-Sensing Properties by Various Carbon-Based Materials 10.3 Practical Applications of Cement-Based Sensors 10.4 Conclusions 11: Enhancing PCM Cement-Based Composites with Nanoparticles 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Incorporation of PCM in Concrete, Mortar, or Cement 11.3 Enhancing PCM Microcapsules with Nanoparticles for Cement-Based Composites 12: Cement-Based Composites with PCMs and Nanoinclusions for Thermal Storage 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Thermal Energy Storage 12.2.1 Sensible Heat Thermal Storage 12.2.2 Latent Heat Thermal Storage 12.3 Phase Change Materials 12.4 Cement-Based Composites with PCMs 12.4.1 Incorporation of PCMs in Cement-Based Materials Obtained with the Immersion Method 12.4.2 Incorporation of PCMs in Cement-Based Materials Obtained with Direct Mixing 12.4.3 Incorporation of PCMs in Cement-Based Materials Obtained with the Impregnation Method 12.5 PCMs and Nanoinclusions for Cement-Based Materials 12.5.1 Selection of PCMs 12.5.2 Selection of Nanoparticles 12.5.3 PCMs and Nanoinclusions for Cement-Based Materials 12.5.4 NEPCM-Cement-Based Materials for Building and Construction Applications 12.5.5 Recent Developments in NEPCM-Cement-Based Materials for High-Temperature Thermal Storage 12.6 Conclusions 13: Self-Heating Conductive Cement-Based Nanomaterials 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Heating/Cooling Model 13.3 Stage of Heating Produced by the Application of Electric Current 13.4 Stage of Cooling 14: Functional Cementitious Composites for Energy Harvesting and Civil Engineering Applications an Overview 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Composite Materials and Their Constituents 14.2.1 Major Phases 14.2.1.1 Matrix phase 14.2.1.2 Dispersed (reinforcing) phase 14.2.1.3 Interface in the composite structure 14.2.2 Design of Composites Connectivity Models 14.3 Composite Materials with Piezoelectric, Ferroelectric, and Pyroelectric Functionalities 14.3.1 Classification 14.3.2 Physics and Chemistry of Composite Materials 14.4 Fabrication of Composites 14.4.1 Fabrication of Polymer-Ceramic Composites 14.4.2 Fabrication of Cement-Ceramic Composites 14.5 Ambient Energy Harvesting and Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Structures via Cement Nanocomposites 14.5.1 Energy Harvesting via Cement Nanocomposites 14.5.1.1 Single-crystal-based materials 14.5.1.2 Polycrystalline-based materials 14.5.1.3 Charge storage via the pyroelectric effect 14.5.1.4 Thermal energy harvesting from pavements via modeling and simulation 14.5.1.5 Waste heat harvesting via thermoelectric cement composites 14.5.1.6 Electric power harvesting via application of piezoelectric transducers in pavements 14.5.2 Functional Cement-Based Nanocomposites for Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering and Sensor Applications 14.6 Summary and Future Outlook 15: Addition of Carbon Nanofibers to Cement Pastes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding in Construction Applications 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Shielding by Reflection 15.1.2 Shielding by Absorption 15.1.3 Shielding by Multiple Reflections 15.1.4 Shielding Effectiveness 15.2 Experimental 15.2.1 Materials and Specimens 15.2.2 Testing Procedures 15.3 Results and Discussion 15.4 Conclusions 16: Perspectives and Challenges of Nanocomposites Index This multiauthor book focuses on the application of nanotechnology to cement-based materials for engineering applications. The addition of novel smart nanofillers allows the development of multifunctional composite materials and not just with respect to higher mechanical strength, as investigated in the past.