Next Generation Smart Nano-Bio-Devices

This book addresses challenges for the development of a point-of-care-test platform. The book describes printed chip-based assay (Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab-on-a-PCB) for rapid, inexpensive biomarkers detection in real samples. The main challenges of point-of-care testing require implementing complex analytical methods into low-cost technologies. This is particularly true for countries with less developed healthcare infrastructure. Washing-free, Lab-on-Chip, and Lab-on-PCB techniques are very simple and innovative for point-of-care device development. The redox cycling technology detects several interesting targets at the same time on a printed chip. The proposed areas are inherently cross-disciplinary, combining expertise in biosensing, electrochemistry, electronics and electrical engineering, health care, and manufacturing. This book focuses on recent advances and different research issues in the nanobiotechnology-enabled biosensor technology and also seeks out theoretical, methodological, well-established, and validated empirical work dealing with these different topics. Preface 6 Contents 8 Editors and Contributors 10 1 Aspects of Biosensors with Refers to Emerging Implications of Artificial Intelligence, Big Data and Analytics: The Changing Healthcare–A General Review 14 1.1 Introduction 15 1.2 Objective 16 1.3 Methods 17 1.4 Biosensors: Fundamentals and Types 17 1.4.1 Electrochemical Biosensor 18 1.4.2 Physical Biosensor 19 1.4.3 Optical Biosensor 20 1.5 Biosensors and Information Technological Involvement 21 1.6 Artificial Intelligence Basics with Biosensors and Smart Biodevices 22 1.6.1 In Categorization 24 1.6.2 In Detecting and Finding Anomalies 24 1.6.3 In Reducing Noise on the Sensor Systems 24 1.6.4 In Identification of the Patterns 24 1.7 Big Data Analytics, Allied Technologies and Biosensing 25 1.8 Biosensor, Futuristic Healthcare: Some Important Perspective 28 1.9 Conclusion 29 References 30 2 On Few Electronic Properties of Nanowires of Heavily Doped Biosensing Materials 32 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Theoretical Background 33 2.3 Results and Discussion 34 2.4 Conclusion 38 References 38 3 Overview of Biosensors and Its Application in Health Care 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Components of a Biosensor 42 3.3 General Features and Characteristics of Biosensors 44 3.4 Basic Principle and Working Mechanism of Biosensor 45 3.5 Evolution of Biosensor 47 3.6 Types of Biosensors 48 3.7 General Working Principle of Immunosensors 57 3.8 Wearable Biosensor 58 3.9 Types of Wearable Biosensors and Their Applications 59 3.9.1 Smart Socks 59 3.9.2 Ring Sensors 60 3.9.3 Smart Shirt 60 3.9.4 Smart Clothing for Premature Babies 62 3.9.5 Digital Clothing for Examining Mental Status 62 3.9.6 Benefits of Wearable Biosensors 62 3.9.7 Enzyme-Based Biosensors 62 3.9.8 DNA Biosensor 64 3.9.9 Biosensors Applications in Medical Field 64 3.10 Conclusion 69 References 70 4 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)-Based Biosensor for Life Sciences Applications 73 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Graphene-Based Biosensors 75 4.2.1 DNA Biosensors Based on Graphene 76 4.2.2 Graphene-Based Bacteria Detection Biosensors 78 4.2.3 Graphene-Based Glucose Biosensors 78 4.2.4 Graphene-Based Cholesterol Biosensors 79 4.2.5 Graphene-Based Haemoglobin Biosensors 79 4.2.6 Graphene-Based Biosensors for Protein Biomarkers 81 4.3 CNTs-Based Biosensors 82 4.3.1 Immobilisation of Enzymes for Biosensors 82 4.3.2 Practical Concerns of CNT-Based Biosensor 86 4.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 86 4.5 Conclusions 87 References 88 5 An Overview of Integrated Miniaturized/Microfluidic Electrochemical Biosensor Platforms for Health Care Applications 92 5.1 Introduction 93 5.1.1 Types of Biosensors 94 5.1.2 Matrices for Biosensors 97 5.1.3 Physico-chemical Characterization Techniques for Biosensors 98 5.1.4 Microfluidic and Miniaturized Devices 98 5.2 Microfluidic/Miniaturized Electrochemical Biosensors 104 5.2.1 Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 104 5.2.2 Antibody-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor (Immunosensor) 106 5.2.3 DNA-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 107 5.2.4 Live Cells-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 108 5.2.5 Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 109 5.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook 109 References 110 6 Application of Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Healthcare Diagnostics 113 6.1 Introduction 114 6.2 Application of Carbon Allotrope-Based Nano Biosensors 116 6.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 117 6.2.2 Graphene 119 6.2.3 Nanodiamonds 119 6.3 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors 120 6.3.1 Nanowires 121 6.3.2 Nanowire-Based Sensors 122 6.3.3 Quantum Dots 123 6.3.4 Quantum Dot-Based Sensors 124 6.3.5 NWFET-Based Sensors 124 6.3.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles 124 6.4 Conclusion 125 References 125 7 Nanomaterials and Nanodevices for Treating Human Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases: Bane or Boon for Human Health? 133 7.1 Introduction 134 7.2 Nanoparticles: Bioactivities and Molecular Mechanism(s) of Effectiveness 135 7.3 Current Scenario of Nanomaterials-Based Treatment 141 7.4 Toxicology of Bioactive Nanomaterials 148 7.5 Prospects and Challenges 150 References 152 8 Design and Analysis of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Biosensor Device for Identification of Cancerous Cells 162 8.1 Introduction 162 8.2 Theoretical Formulation 166 8.3 Results Analysis 169 8.4 Conclusions 175 References 176 9 Dielectric-Modulated Biosensor Based on Vertical Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor 179 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 Dielectric-Modulated Vertical TFET Biosensor: Concept, Geometry and Simulation Strategies 181 9.2.1 Working Methodologies 181 9.2.2 Geometry 182 9.2.3 Simulation Strategies 183 9.3 Vertical TFET as Dielectric-Modulated Biosensor 183 9.4 Sensitivity Measurement 184 9.5 Non-ideal Hybridization of Biomolecules Inside the Nanogaps 185 9.5.1 Steric Hindrance 185 9.5.2 Receptor Placement 186 9.6 Sensing Parameters of VTFET Biosensor 186 9.6.1 Biomolecules Carrying Negative Charge 186 9.6.2 Biomolecules Carrying Positive Charge 188 9.6.3 Step Profiles of Biomolecules Inside the Nanogaps 189 9.6.4 Response Time and Lower Limit of Detection 189 9.6.5 Status of VTFET Biosensor 190 9.7 Conclusion 190 References 192 10 Electrochemical Biosensor Designs Used for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Virus: A Review 194 10.1 Introduction 194 10.1.1 Biosensors 196 10.1.2 Designs and Principles 197 10.2 Some Designs of Electrochemical Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection 199 10.2.1 Electrochemical—Amperometry 199 10.2.2 Electrochemical—Paper-Based Amperometry 199 10.2.3 Electrochemical—Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) 200 10.2.4 Electrochemical—Electrochemical Impedance-Based Sensing (EIS) 202 10.2.5 Electrochemical—Semiconductor Analyzer 205 10.2.6 Electrochemical—Field-Effect Transistor (FET) 205 10.2.7 Electrochemical—Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) 207 10.2.8 Electrochemical—Magnetic Force-Assisted Immunoassay (MESIA) 207 10.3 Comparison Table and Future Perspectives 208 10.4 Conclusion 209 References 213