Power Electronics

power Electronics Is Intended To Be An Introductory Text In Power Electronics, Primarily For The Undergraduate Electrical Engineering Student. The Text Is Written For Some Flexibility In The Order Of The Topics. Much Of The Text Includes Computer Simulation Using Pspice As A Supplement To Analytical Circuit Solution Techniques. Title Contents 1 Introduction 1. Power Electronics 1.2 Converter Classification 1.3 Power Electronics Concepts 1.4 Electronic Switches The Diode Thyristors Transistors 1.5 Switch Selection 1.6 Spice, PSpice, and Capture 1.7 Switches in Pspice The Voltage-Controlled Switch Transistors Diodes Thyristors (SCRs) Convergence Problems in PSpice 1.8 Bibliography Problems 2 Power Computations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Power and Energy Instantaneous Power Energy Average Power 2.3 Inductors and Capacitors 2.4 Energy Recovery 2.5 Effective Values: RMS 2.6 Apparent Power and Power Factor Apparent Power S Power Factor 2.7 Power Computations for Sinusoidal AC Circuits 2.8 Power Computations for Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waveforms Fourier Series Average Power Nonsinusoidal Source and Linear Load Sinusoidal Source and Nonlinear Load 2.9 Power Computations Using PSpice 2.10 Summary 2.11 Bibliography Problems 3 Half-Wave Rectifiers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Resistive Load Creating a DC Component Using an Electronic Switch 3.3 Resistive-Inductive Load 3.4 PSpice Simulation Using Simulation Software for Numerical Computations 3.5 RL-Source Load Supplying Power to a DC Source from an AC Source 3.6 Inductor-Source Load Using Inductance to Limit Current 3.7 The Freewheeling Diode Creating a DC Current Reducing Load Current Harmonics 3.8 Half-Wave Rectifier With a Capacitor Filter Creating a DC Voltage from an AC Source 3. 9 The Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier Resistive Load RL Load RL-Source Load 3.10 PSpice Solutions For Controlled Rectifiers Modeling the SCR in PSpice 3.11 Commutation The Effect of Source Inductance 3.12 Summary 3.13 Bibliography Problems 4 Full-Wave Rectifiers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers The Bridge Rectifier The Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier Resistive Load RL Load Source Harmonics PSpice Simulation RL-Source Load Capacitance Output Filter Voltage Doublers LC Filtered Output 4.3 Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers Resistive Load RL Load, Discontinuous Current RL Load, Continuous Current PSpice Simulation of Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers Controlled Rectifier with RL-Source Load Controlled Single-Phase Converter Operating as an Inverter 4.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers 4.5 Controlled Three-Phase Rectifiers Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers The Three-Phase Converter Operating as an Inverter 4.6 DC Power Transmission 4.7 Commutation: The Effect of Source Inductance Single-Phase Bridge Rectifier Three-Phase Rectifier 4.8 Summary 4.9 Bibliography Problems 5 AC Voltage Controllers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller Basic Operation Single-Phase Controller with a Resistive Load Single-Phase Controller with an RL Load PSpice Simulation of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 5.3 Three-Phase Voltage Controllers Y-Connected Resistive Load Y-Connected RL Load Delta-Connected Resistive Load 5.4 Induction Motor Speed Control 5.5 Static VAR Control 5.6 Summary 5.7 Bibliography Problems 6 DC-DC Converters 6.1 Linear Voltage Regulators 6.2 A Basic Switching Converter 6.3 The Buck (Step-Down) Converter Voltage and Current Relationships Output Voltage Ripple Capacitor Resistance—The Effect on Ripple Voltage Synchronous Rectification for the Buck Converter 6.4 Design Considerations 6.5 The Boost Converter Voltage and Current Relationships Output Voltage Ripple Inductor Resistance 6.6 The Buck-Boost Converter Voltage and Current Relationships Output Voltage Ripple 6.7 The ́ C uk Converter 6.8 The Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) 6.9 Interleaved Converters 6.10 Nonideal Switches and Converter Performance Switch Voltage Drops Switching Losses 6.11 Discontinuous-Current Operation Buck Converter with Discontinuous Current Boost Converter with Discontinuous Current 6.12 Switched-Capacitor Converters The Step-Up Switched-Capacitor Converter The Inverting Switched-Capacitor Converter The Step-Down Switched-Capacitor Converter 6.13 PSpice Simulation of DC-DC Converters A Switched PSpice Model An Averaged Circuit Model 6.14 Summary 6.15 Bibliography Problems 7 DC Power Supplies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Transformer Models 7.3 The Flyback Converter Continuous-Current Mode Discontinuous-Current Mode in the Flyback Converter Summary of Flyback Converter Operation 7.4 The Forward Converter Summary of Forward Converter Operation 7.5 The Double-Ended (Two-Switch) Forward Converter 7.6 The Push-Pull Converter Summary of Push-Pull Operation 7.7 Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge DC-DC Converters 7.8 Current-Fed Converters 7.9 Multiple Outputs 7.10 Converter Selection 7.11 Power Factor Correction 7.12 PSpice Simulation of DC Power Supplies 7.13 Power Supply Control Control Loop Stability Small-Signal Analysis Switch Transfer Function Filter Transfer Function Pulse-Width Modulation Transfer Function Type 2 Error Amplifier with Compensation Design of a Type 2 Compensated Error Amplifier PSpice Simulation of Feedback Control Type 3 Error Amplifier with Compensation Design of a Type 3 Compensated Error Amplifier Manual Placement of Poles and Zeros in the Type 3 Amplifier 7.14 PWM Control Circuits 7.15 The AC Line Filter 7.16 The Complete DC Power Supply 7.17 Bibliography Problems 8 Inverters 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Full-Bridge Converter 8.3 The Square-Wave Inverter 8.4 Fourier Series Analysis 8.5 Total Harmonic Distortion 8.6 PSpice Simulation of Square Wave Inverters 8.7 Amplitude and Harmonic Control 8.8 The Half-Bridge Inverter 8.9 Multilevel Inverters Multilevel Converters with Independent DC Sources Equalizing Average Source Power with Pattern Swapping Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters 8.10 Pulse-Width-Modulated Output Bipolar Switching Unipolar Switching 8.11 PWM Definitions and Considerations 8.12 PWM Harmonics Bipolar Switching Unipolar Switching 8.13 Class D Audio Amplifiers 8.14 Simulation of Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters Bipolar PWM Unipolar PWM 8.15 Three-Phase Inverters The Six-Step Inverter PWM Three-Phase Inverters Multilevel Three-Phase Inverters 8.16 PSpice Simulation of Three-Phase Inverters Six-Step Three-Phase Inverters PWM Three-Phase Inverters 8.17 Induction Motor Speed Control 8.18 Summary 8.19 Bibliography Problems 9 Resonant Converters 9.1 Introduction 9.2 A Resonant Switch Converter: Zero-Current Switching Basic Operation Output Voltage 9.3 A Resonant Switch Converter: Zero-Voltage Switching Basic Operation Output Voltage 9.4 The Series Resonant Inverter Switching Losses Amplitude Control 9.5 The Series Resonant DC-DC Converter Basic Operation Operation for ωs ωo Operation for ω0 /2 ωs ω0 Operation for ωs ω0 /2 Variations on the Series Resonant DC-DC Converter 9.6 The Parallel Resonant DC-DC Converter 9.7 The Series-Parallel DC-DC Converter 9.8 Resonant Converter Comparison 9.9 The Resonant DC Link Converter 9.10 Summary 9.11 Bibliography Problems 10 Drive Circuits, Snubber Circuits, and Heat Sinks 10.1 Introduction 10.2 MOSFET and IGBT Drive Circuits Low-Side Drivers High-Side Drivers 10.3 Bipolar Transistor Drive Circuits 10.4 Thyristor Drive Circuits 10.5 Transistor Snubber Circuits 10.6 Energy Recovery Snubber Circuits 10.7 Thyristor Snubber Circuits 10.8 Heat Sinks and Thermal Management Steady-State Temperatures Time-Varying Temperatures 10.9 Summary 10.10 Bibliography Problems Appendix A Fourier Series for Some Common Waveforms Appendix B State-Space Averaging Index