Power Electronics

power Electronics Is Intended To Be An Introductory Text In Power Electronics, Primarily For The Undergraduate Electrical Engineering Student. The Text Is Written For Some Flexibility In The Order Of The Topics. Much Of The Text Includes Computer Simulation Using Pspice As A Supplement To Analytical Circuit Solution Techniques. Cover 1 Title Page 4 Copyright 5 Contents 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 18 1.1 Power Electronics 18 1.2 Converter Classification 18 1.3 Power Electronics Concepts 20 1.4 Electronic Switches 22 The Diode 23 Thyristors 24 Transistors 25 1.5 Switch Selection 28 1.6 Spice, PSpice, and Capture 30 1.7 Switches in Pspice 31 The Voltage-Controlled Switch 31 Transistors 33 Diodes 34 Thyristors (SCRs) 35 Convergence Problems in PSpice 35 1.8 Bibliography 36 Problems 37 Chapter 2 Power Computations 38 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Power and Energy 38 Instantaneous Power 38 Energy 39 Average Power 39 2.3 Inductors and Capacitors 42 2.4 Energy Recovery 44 2.5 Effective Values: RMS 51 2.6 Apparent Power and Power Factor 59 Apparent Power S 59 Power Factor 60 2.7 Power Computations for Sinusoidal AC Circuits 60 2.8 Power Computations for Nonsinusoidal Periodic Waveforms 61 Fourier Series 62 Average Power 63 Nonsinusoidal Source and Linear Load 63 Sinusoidal Source and Nonlinear Load 65 2.9 Power Computations Using PSpice 68 2.10 Summary 75 2.11 Bibliography 76 Problems 76 Chapter 3 Half-Wave Rectifiers 82 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Resistive Load 82 Creating a DC Component Using an Electronic Switch 82 3.3 Resistive-Inductive Load 84 3.4 PSpice Simulation 89 Using Simulation Software for Numerical Computations 89 3.5 RL-Source Load 92 Supplying Power to a DC Source from an AC Source 92 3.6 Inductor-Source Load 96 Using Inductance to Limit Current 96 3.7 The Freewheeling Diode 98 Creating a DC Current 98 Reducing Load Current Harmonics 103 3.8 Half-Wave Rectifier With a Capacitor Filter 105 Creating a DC Voltage from an AC Source 105 3.9 The Controlled Half-Wave Rectifier 111 Resistive Load 111 RL Load 113 RL-Source Load 115 3.10 PSpice Solutions For Controlled Rectifiers 117 Modeling the SCR in PSpice 117 3.11 Commutation 120 The Effect of Source Inductance 120 3.12 Summary 122 3.13 Bibliography 123 Problems 123 Chapter 4 Full-Wave Rectifiers 128 4.1 Introduction 128 4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers 128 The Bridge Rectifier 128 The Center-Tapped Transformer Rectifier 131 Resistive Load 132 RL Load 132 Source Harmonics 135 PSpice Simulation 136 RL-Source Load 137 Capacitance Output Filter 139 Voltage Doublers 142 LC Filtered Output 143 4.3 Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers 148 Resistive Load 148 RL Load, Discontinuous Current 150 RL Load, Continuous Current 152 PSpice Simulation of Controlled Full-Wave Rectifiers 156 Controlled Rectifier with RL-Source Load 157 Controlled Single-Phase Converter Operating as an Inverter 159 4.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers 161 4.5 Controlled Three-Phase Rectifiers 166 Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers 168 The Three-Phase Converter Operating as an Inverter 171 4.6 DC Power Transmission 173 4.7 Commutation: The Effect of Source Inductance 177 Single-Phase Bridge Rectifier 177 Three-Phase Rectifier 179 4.8 Summary 180 4.9 Bibliography 181 Problems 181 Chapter 5 AC Voltage Controllers 188 5.1 Introduction 188 5.2 The Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller 188 Basic Operation 188 Single-Phase Controller with a Resistive Load 190 Single-Phase Controller with an RL Load 194 PSpice Simulation of Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers 197 5.3 Three-Phase Voltage Controllers 200 Y-Connected Resistive Load 200 Y-Connected RL Load 204 Delta-Connected Resistive Load 206 5.4 Induction Motor Speed Control 208 5.5 Static VAR Control 208 5.6 Summary 209 5.7 Bibliography 210 Problems 210 Chapter 6 DC-DC Converters 213 6.1 Linear Voltage Regulators 213 6.2 A Basic Switching Converter 214 6.3 The Buck (Step-Down) Converter 215 Voltage and Current Relationships 215 Output Voltage Ripple 221 Capacitor Resistance—The Effect on Ripple Voltage 223 Synchronous Rectification for the Buck Converter 224 6.4 Design Considerations 224 6.5 The Boost Converter 228 Voltage and Current Relationships 228 Output Voltage Ripple 232 Inductor Resistance 235 6.6 The Buck-Boost Converter 238 Voltage and Current Relationships 238 Output Voltage Ripple 242 6.7 The Cuk Converter 243 6.8 The Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) 248 6.9 Interleaved Converters 254 6.10 Nonideal Switches and Converter Performance 256 Switch Voltage Drops 256 Switching Losses 257 6.11 Discontinuous-Current Operation 258 Buck Converter with Discontinuous Current 258 Boost Converter with Discontinuous Current 261 6.12 Switched-Capacitor Converters 264 The Step-Up Switched-Capacitor Converter 264 The Inverting Switched-Capacitor Converter 266 The Step-Down Switched-Capacitor Converter 267 6.13 PSpice Simulation of DC-DC Converters 268 A Switched PSpice Model 269 An Averaged Circuit Model 271 6.14 Summary 276 6.15 Bibliography 276 Problems 277 Chapter 7 DC Power Supplies 282 7.1 Introduction 282 7.2 Transformer Models 282 7.3 The Flyback Converter 284 Continuous-Current Mode 284 Discontinuous-Current Mode in the Flyback Converter 292 Summary of Flyback Converter Operation 294 7.4 The Forward Converter 294 Summary of Forward Converter Operation 300 7.5 The Double-Ended (Two-Switch) Forward Converter 302 7.6 The Push-Pull Converter 304 Summary of Push-Pull Operation 307 7.7 Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge DC-DC Converters 308 7.8 Current-Fed Converters 311 7.9 Multiple Outputs 314 7.10 Converter Selection 315 7.11 Power Factor Correction 316 7.12 PSpice Simulation of DC Power Supplies 318 7.13 Power Supply Control 319 Control Loop Stability 320 Small-Signal Analysis 321 Switch Transfer Function 322 Filter Transfer Function 323 Pulse-Width Modulation Transfer Function 324 Type 2 Error Amplifier with Compensation 325 Design of a Type 2 Compensated Error Amplifier 328 PSpice Simulation of Feedback Control 332 Type 3 Error Amplifier with Compensation 334 Design of a Type 3 Compensated Error Amplifier 335 Manual Placement of Poles and Zeros in the Type 3 Amplifier 340 7.14 PWM Control Circuits 340 7.15 The AC Line Filter 340 7.16 The Complete DC Power Supply 342 7.17 Bibliography 343 Problems 344 Chapter 8 Inverters 348 8.1 Introduction 348 8.2 The Full-Bridge Converter 348 8.3 The Square-Wave Inverter 350 8.4 Fourier Series Analysis 354 8.5 Total Harmonic Distortion 356 8.6 PSpice Simulation of Square Wave Inverters 357 8.7 Amplitude and Harmonic Control 359 8.8 The Half-Bridge Inverter 363 8.9 Multilevel Inverters 365 Multilevel Converters with Independent DC Sources 366 Equalizing Average Source Power with Pattern Swapping 370 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters 371 8.10 Pulse-Width-Modulated Output 374 Bipolar Switching 374 Unipolar Switching 375 8.11 PWM Definitions and Considerations 376 8.12 PWM Harmonics 378 Bipolar Switching 378 Unipolar Switching 382 8.13 Class D Audio Amplifiers 383 8.14 Simulation of Pulse-Width-Modulated Inverters 384 Bipolar PWM 384 Unipolar PWM 387 8.15 Three-Phase Inverters 390 The Six-Step Inverter 390 PWM Three-Phase Inverters 393 Multilevel Three-Phase Inverters 395 8.16 PSpice Simulation of Three-Phase Inverters 395 Six-Step Three-Phase Inverters 395 PWM Three-Phase Inverters 395 8.17 Induction Motor Speed Control 396 8.18 Summary 399 8.19 Bibliography 400 Problems 400 Chapter 9 Resonant Converters 404 9.1 Introduction 404 9.2 A Resonant Switch Converter: Zero-Current Switching 404 Basic Operation 404 Output Voltage 409 9.3 A Resonant Switch Converter: Zero-Voltage Switching 411 Basic Operation 411 Output Voltage 416 9.4 The Series Resonant Inverter 418 Switching Losses 420 Amplitude Control 421 9.5 The Series Resonant DC-DC Converter 424 Basic Operation 424 Operation for ω[sub(s)] > ω[sub(o)] 424 Operation for ω[sub(0)]/2 < ω[sub(s)] < ω[sub(0)] 430 Operation for ω[sub(s)] < ω[sub(0)]/2 430 Variations on the Series Resonant DC-DC Converter 431 9.6 The Parallel Resonant DC-DC Converter 432 9.7 The Series-Parallel DC-DC Converter 435 9.8 Resonant Converter Comparison 438 9.9 The Resonant DC Link Converter 439 9.10 Summary 443 9.11 Bibliography 443 Problems 444 Chapter 10 Drive Circuits, Snubber Circuits, and Heat Sinks 448 10.1 Introduction 448 10.2 MOSFET and IGBT Drive Circuits 448 Low-Side Drivers 448 High-Side Drivers 450 10.3 Bipolar Transistor Drive Circuits 454 10.4 Thyristor Drive Circuits 457 10.5 Transistor Snubber Circuits 458 10.6 Energy Recovery Snubber Circuits 467 10.7 Thyristor Snubber Circuits 467 10.8 Heat Sinks and Thermal Management 468 Steady-State Temperatures 468 Time-Varying Temperatures 471 10.9 Summary 474 10.10 Bibliography 474 Problems 475 Appendix A: Fourier Series for Some Common Waveforms 478 Appendix B: State-Space Averaging 484 Index 490