Power electronics handbook : devices, circuits, and applications handbook

Power electronics, which is a rapidly growing area in terms of research and applications, uses modern electronics technology to convert electric power from one form to another, such as ac-dc, dc-dc, dc-ac, and ac-ac with a variable output magnitude and frequency. It has many applications in our every day life such as air-conditioners, electric cars, sub-way trains, motor drives, renewable energy sources and power supplies for computers. This book covers all aspects of switching devices, converter circuit topologies, control techniques, analytical methods and some examples of their applications. Designed to appeal to a new generation of engineering professionals, Power Electronics Handbook, 3rd Edition features four new chapters covering renewable energy, energy transmission, energy storage, as well as an introduction to Distributed and Cogeneration (DCG) technology, including gas turbines, gensets, microturbines, wind turbines, variable speed generators, photovoltaics and fuel cells, has been gaining momentum for quite some time now.smart grid technology. With this book readers should be able to provide technical design leadership on assigned power electronics design projects and lead the design from the concept to production involving significant scope and complexity. * Contains 45 chapters covering all aspects of power electronics and its applications * Three new chapters now including coverage Energy Sources, Energy Storage and Electric Power Transmission * Contributions from more than fifty leading experts spanning twelve different countries Front Cover 1 Power Electronics Handbook 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 Preface for Third Edition 18 Chapter 1. Introduction 20 1.1. Power Electronics Defined 20 1.2. Key Characteristics 21 1.3. Trends in Power Supplies 23 1.4. Conversion Examples 23 1.5. Tools for Analysis and Design 26 1.6. Sample Applications 32 1.7. Summary 32 References 32 Section I: Power Electronics Devices 34 Chapter 2. The Power Diode 36 2.1. Diode as a Switch 36 2.2. Properties of PN Junction 36 2.3. Common Diode Types 38 2.4. Typical Diode Ratings 38 2.5. Snubber Circuits for Diode 40 2.6. Series and Parallel Connection of Power Diodes 40 2.7. Typical Applications of Diodes 43 2.8. Standard Datasheet for Diode Selection 45 References 46 Chapter 3. Power Bipolar Transistors 48 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. Basic Structure and Operation 49 3.3. Static Characteristics 50 3.4. Dynamic Switching Characteristics 53 3.5. Transistor Base Drive Applications 54 3.6. SPICE Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors 57 3.7. BJT Applications 58 Further Reading 60 Chapter 4. The Power MOSFET 62 4.1. Introduction 62 4.2. Switching in Power Electronic Circuits 63 4.3. General Switching Characteristics 65 4.4. The Power MOSFET 69 4.5. Future Trends in Power Devices 90 References 90 Chapter 5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 92 5.1. Introduction 92 5.2. Basic Structure and Operation 93 5.3. Static Characteristics 95 5.4. Dynamic Switching Characteristics 97 5.5. IGBT Performance Parameters 99 5.6. Gate Drive Requirements 101 5.7. Circuit Models 103 5.8. Applications 106 Further Reading 108 Chapter 6. Thyristors 110 6.1. Introduction 110 6.2. Basic Structure and Operation 111 6.3. Static Characteristics 113 6.4. Dynamic Switching Characteristics 116 6.5. Thyristor Parameters 120 6.6. Types of Thyristors 122 6.7. Gate Drive Requirements 127 6.8. PSpice Model 130 6.9. Applications 131 Further Reading 135 Chapter 7. Gate Turn-off Thyristors 136 7.1. Introduction 136 7.2. Basic Structure and Operation 136 7.3. GTO Thyristor Models 137 7.4. Static Characteristics 138 7.5. Switching Phases 139 7.6. SPICE GTO Model 141 7.7. Applications 142 References 142 Chapter 8. MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCTs) 144 8.1. Introduction 144 8.2. Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics 145 8.3. Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices 146 8.4. Gate Drive for MCTs 147 8.5. Protection of MCTs 147 8.6. Simulation Model of an MCT 148 8.7. Generation-1 and Generation-2 MCTs 148 8.8. N-channel MCT 148 8.9. Base Resistance-controlled Thyristor 148 8.10. MOS Turn-off Thyristor 149 8.11. Applications of PMCT 149 8.12. Conclusions 151 8.13. Appendix 151 References 151 Chapter 9. Static Induction Devices 154 9.1. Introduction 154 9.2. Theory of Static Induction Devices 154 9.3. Characteristics of Static Induction Transistor 155 9.4. Bipolar Mode Operation of SI devices (BSIT) 156 9.5. CMT Conductivity Modulation Transistor 158 9.6. Static Induction Diode 158 9.7. Lateral Punch-Through Transistor 159 9.8. Static Induction Transistor Logic 159 9.9. BJT Saturation Protected by SIT 160 9.10. Static Induction MOS Transistor 160 9.11. Space Charge Limiting Load (SCLL) 161 9.12. Power MOS Transistors 161 9.13. Static Induction Thyristor 162 9.14. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 163 9.15. Summary 163 References 164 Section II: Power Conversion 166 Chapter 10. Diode Rectifiers 168 10.1. Introduction 168 10.2. Single-phase Diode Rectifiers 168 10.3. Three-phase Diode Rectifiers 173 10.4. Poly-phase Diode Rectifiers 178 10.5. Filtering Systems in Rectifier Circuits 181 10.6. High-frequency Diode Rectifier Circuits 185 Further Reading 200 Chapter 11. Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers 202 11.1. Introduction 202 11.2. Line-commutated Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers 202 11.3. Unity Power Factor Single-phase Rectifiers 211 References 222 Chapter 12. Three-phase Controlled Rectifiers 224 12.1. Introduction 224 12.2. Line-commutated Controlled Rectifiers 224 12.3. Force-commutated Three-phase Controlled Rectifiers 244 Further Reading 265 Chapter 13. DC–DC Converters 268 13.1. Introduction 268 13.2. DC Choppers 269 13.3. Step-down (Buck) Converter 270 13.4. Step-up (Boost) Converter 273 13.5. Buck–Boost Converter 274 13.6. Cuk Converter 275 13.7. Effects of Parasitics 276 13.8. Synchronous and Bidirectional Converters 277 13.9. Control Principles 278 13.10. Applications of DC–DC Converters 281 Further Reading 282 Chapter 14. DC/DC Conversion Technique and Twelve Series Luo-converters 284 14.1. Introduction 285 14.2. Fundamental, Developed, Transformer-type, and Self-lift Converters 286 14.3. Voltage-lift Luo-converters 294 14.4. Double Output Luo-converters 307 14.5. Super-lift Luo-converters 311 14.6. Ultra-lift Luo-converters 322 14.7. Multiple-quadrant Operating Luo-converters 324 14.8. Switched-capacitor Multi-quadrant Luo-converters 329 14.9. Multiple-lift Push–Pull Switched-capacitor Luo-converters 338 14.10. Switched-inductor Multi-quadrant Operation Luo-converters 341 14.11. Multi-quadrant ZCS Quasi-resonant Luo-converters 346 14.12. Multi-quadrant ZVS Quasi-resonant Luo-converters 350 14.13. Synchronous-rectifier DC/DC Luo-converters 354 14.14. Multiple-element Resonant Power Converters 358 14.15. Gate Control Luo-resonator 365 14.16. Applications 366 14.17. Energy Factor and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters 368 Further Reading 373 Chapter 15. Inverters 376 15.1. Introduction 376 15.2. Single-phase Voltage Source Inverters 378 15.3. Three-phase Voltage Source Inverters 386 15.4. Current Source Inverters 394 15.5. Closed-loop Operation of Inverters 402 15.6. Regeneration in Inverters 409 15.7. Multistage Inverters 413 Further Reading 425 Chapter 16. Resonant and Soft-switching Converters 428 16.1. Introduction 428 16.2. Classification 430 16.3. Resonant Switch 430 16.4. Quasi-resonant Converters 431 16.5. ZVS in High Frequency Applications 435 16.6. Multi-resonant Converters (MRC) 438 16.7. Zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) Converters 444 16.8. Non-dissipative Active Clamp Network 444 16.9. Load Resonant Converters 444 16.10. Control Circuits for Resonant Converters 448 16.11. Extended-period Quasi-resonant (EP-QR) Converters 450 16.12. Soft-switching and EMI Suppression 457 16.13. Snubbers and Soft-switching for High Power Devices 458 16.14. Soft-switching DC–AC Power Inverters 459 References 471 Chapter 17. Multilevel Power Converters 474 17.1. Introduction 474 17.2. Multilevel Power Converter Structures 475 17.3. Multilevel Converter PWM Modulation Strategies 482 17.4. Multilevel Converter Design Example 493 17.5. Fault Diagnosis in Multilevel Converters 501 17.6. Renewable Energy Interface 501 17.7. Conclusion 503 References 503 Chapter 18. AC–AC Converters 506 18.1. Introduction 506 18.2. Single-Phase AC–AC Voltage Controller 507 18.3. Three-Phase AC–AC Voltage Controllers 511 18.4. Cycloconverters 514 18.5. Matrix Converter 526 18.6. High Frequency Linked Single-Phase to Three-Phase Matrix Converters 533 18.7. Applications of AC–AC Converters 533 References 537 Chapter 19. Power Factor Correction Circuits 542 19.1. Introduction 542 19.2. Definition of PF and THD 543 19.3. Power Factor Correction 545 19.4. CCM Shaping Technique 550 19.5. DCM Input Technique 555 19.6. Summary 563 Further Reading 564 Chapter 20. Gate Drive Circuitry for Power Converters 568 20.1. Introduction to Gate Drive Circuitry 568 20.2. Semiconductor Drive Requirements 569 20.3. Gate Drivers for Power Converters 570 20.4. Gate Driver Circuit Implementation 574 20.5. Current Technologies 578 20.6. Current and Future Trends 583 20.7. Summary 583 References 583 Section III: General Applications 584 Chapter 21. Power Electronics in Capacitor Charging Applications 586 21.1. Introduction 586 21.2. High-Voltage DC Power Supply with Charging Resistor 587 21.3. Resonance Charging 587 21.4. Switching Converters 589 References 591 Chapter 22. Electronic Ballasts 592 22.1. Introduction 592 22.2. High Frequency Supply of Discharge Lamps 598 22.3. Discharge Lamp Modeling 602 22.4. Resonant Inverters for Electronic Ballasts 605 22.5. High-Power Factor Electronic Ballasts 613 22.6. Applications 616 References 617 Chapter 23. Power Supplies 620 23.1. Introduction 620 23.2. Linear Series Voltage Regulator 622 23.3. Linear Shunt Voltage Regulator 625 23.4. Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators 627 23.5. Switching Regulators 629 Further Reading 645 Chapter 24. Uninterruptible Power Supplies 646 24.1. Introduction 646 24.2. Classifications 646 24.3. Performance Evaluation 653 24.4. Applications 654 24.5. Control Techniques 655 24.6. Energy Storage Devices 657 Further Reading 659 Chapter 25. Automotive Applications of Power Electronics 662 25.1. Introduction 662 25.2. The Present Automotive Electrical Power System 663 25.3. System Environment 663 25.4. Functions Enabled by Power Electronics 668 25.5. Multiplexed Load Control 671 25.6. Electromechanical Power Conversion 673 25.7. Dual/High Voltage Automotive Electrical Systems 679 25.8. Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles 682 25.9. Summary 684 References 684 Chapter 26. Solid State Pulsed Power Electronics 688 26.1. Introduction 688 26.2. Power Semiconductors for Pulsed Power 689 26.3. Load Types and Requirements 700 26.4. Solid-State Pulsed Power Topologies 702 26.5. Conclusions and Future Trends 722 References 724 Section IV: Power Generation and Distribution 728 Chapter 27. Photovoltaic System Conversion 730 27.1. Introduction 730 27.2. Solar Cell Characteristics 730 27.3. Photovoltaic Technology Operation 732 27.4. Maximum Power Point Tracking Components 734 27.5. MPPT Controlling Algorithms 734 27.6. Photovoltaic Systems’ Components 736 27.7. Factors Affecting PV Output 739 27.8. PV System Design 739 27.9. Summary 740 References 740 Chapter 28. Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources 742 28.1. Introduction 742 28.2. Power Electronics for Photovoltaic Power Systems 743 28.3. Power Electronics for Wind Power Systems 769 References 783 Chapter 29. High-Frequency Inverters: From Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel-Cell-Based Renewable- and Alternative-Energy... 786 29.1. Introduction 786 29.2. Low-Cost Single-Stage Inverter 788 29.3. Ripple-Mitigating Inverter 792 29.4. Universal Power Conditioner 796 29.5. Hybrid-Modulation-Based Multiphase HFL High-Power Inverter 804 References 808 Chapter 30. Wind Turbine Applications 810 30.1. Wind Energy Conversion Systems 810 30.2. Power Electronic Converters for Variable Speed Wind Turbines 816 30.3. Multilevel Converter for Very High Power Wind Turbines 830 30.4. Electrical System of a Wind Farm 834 30.5. Future Trends 835 Nomenclature 838 References 839 Chapter 31. HVDC Transmission 842 31.1. Introduction 842 31.2. Main Components of HVDC Converter Station 848 31.3. Analysis of Converter Bridge 851 31.4. Controls and Protection 851 31.5. MTDC Operation 859 31.6. Application 860 31.7. Modern Trends 862 31.8. HVDC System SimulationTechniques 865 31.9. Concluding Remarks 867 References 868 Chapter 32. Flexible AC Transmission Systems 870 32.1. Introduction 870 32.2. Ideal Shunt Compensator 871 32.3. Ideal Series Compensator 872 32.4. Synthesis of FACTS Devices 875 32.5. Voltage Source Converter (VSC)-Based HVDC Transmission 892 References 895 Section V: Motor Drives 898 Chapter 33. Drives Types and Specifications 900 33.1. An Overview 900 33.2. Drives Requirements & Specifications 904 33.3. Drive Classifications and Characteristics 906 33.4. Load Profiles and Characteristics 912 33.5. Variable Speed Drive Topologies 914 33.6. PWM-VSI DRIVE 920 33.7. Applications 928 33.8. Summary 931 Further Reading 932 Chapter 34. Motor Drives 934 34.1. Introduction 935 34.2. DC Motor Drives 936 34.3. Induction Motor Drives 942 34.4. Synchronous Motor Drives 954 34.5. Permanent-magnet AC Synchronous Motor Drives 962 34.6. Permanent-magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives 968 34.7. Servo Drives 979 34.8. Stepper Motor Drives 984 34.9. Switched-reluctance Motor Drives 992 34.10. Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives 1003 References 1009 Further Reading 1009 Chapter 35. Novel AI-Based Soft Computing Applications in Motor Drives 1012 35.1. Introduction 1012 35.2. Differences Between GA and PSO and Other Evolutionary Computation (EC) Techniques 1013 35.3. Single Objective Genetic Optimization Search Algorithm (SOGA) 1013 35.4. Single Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Search Algorithm (SOPSO) 1014 35.5. Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) 1016 35.6. Multi-Objective Genetic Optimization Search Algorithm (MOGA) 1017 35.7. Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Search Algorithm (MOPSO) 1017 35.8. GA and PSO Applications in Speed Control of Motor Drives 1019 35.9. Conclusion 1052 References 1052 Section VI: Control 1054 Chapter 36. Advanced Control of Switching Power Converters 1056 36.1. Introduction 1056 36.2. Switching Power Converter Control Using State-Space Averaged Models 1057 36.3. Sliding-Mode Control of Switching Power Converters 1077 36.4. Predictive Optimum Control of Switching Power Converters 1120 36.5. Fuzzy Logic Control of Switching Power Converters 1125 36.6. Conclusions 1130 References 1131 Chapter 37. Fuzzy Logic Applications in Electrical Drives and Power Electronics 1134 37.1. Introduction 1134 37.2. PI/PD-Like Fuzzy Control Structure 1135 37.3. FNN PI/PD-Like Fuzzy Control Architecture 1138 37.4. Learning Algorithm-Based EKF 1139 37.5. Fuzzy PID Control Design-Based Genetic Optimization 1140 37.6. Classical PID Versus Fuzzy-PID Controller 1143 37.7. Genetic-Based Autotuning of Fuzzy-PID Controller 1143 37.8. Fuzzy and H-∞ Control Design 1144 37.9. Fuzzy Control for DC–DC Converters 1148 37.10. Fuzzy Control Design for Switch-Mode Power Converters 1148 37.11. Optimum Topology of the Fuzzy Controller 1150 37.12. Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Control System for DC–DC Converters 1152 Further Reading 1156 Chapter 38. Artificial Neural Network Applications in Power Electronics and Electrical Drives 1158 38.1. Introduction 1158 38.2. Conventional and Neural Function Approximators 1159 38.3. ANN-based Estimation in Induction Motor Drives 1160 38.4. ANN-based Controls in Motor Drives 1168 38.5. ANN-based Controls in Power Converters 1172 Further Reading 1173 Chapter 39. DSP-based Control of Variable Speed Drives 1174 39.1. Introduction 1174 39.2. Variable Speed Control of AC Machines 1175 39.3. General Structure of a Three-phase AC Motor Controller 1175 39.4. DSP-based Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Machines 1180 39.5. DSP-based Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines 1184 39.6. DSP-based Vector Control of Induction Motors 1189 Section VII: Power Quality and EMI Issues 1196 Chapter 40. Power Quality 1198 40.1. Introduction 1198 40.2. Power Quality 1199 40.3. Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation 1206 40.4. IEEE Standards 1208 40.5. Conclusions 1210 Further Reading 1211 Chapter 41. Active Filters 1212 41.1. Introduction 1212 41.2. Types of Active Power Filters 1213 41.3. Shunt Active Power Filters 1214 41.4. Series Active Power Filters 1230 41.5. Hybrid Active Power Filters 1239 Further Reading 1246 Chapter 42. EMI Effects of Power Converters 1248 42.1. Introduction 1248 42.2. Power Converters as Sources of EMI 1248 42.3. Measurements of Conducted EMI 1251 42.4. EMI Filters 1253 42.5. Random Pulse Width Modulation 1258 42.6. Other Means of Noise Suppression 1260 42.7. EMC Standards 1262 References 1263 Section VIII: Simulation and Packaging 1266 Chapter 43. Computer Simulation of Power Electronics and Motor Drives 1268 43.1. Introduction 1268 43.2. Use of Simulation Tools for Design and Analysis 1268 43.3. Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits with PSpice® 1269 43.4. Simulations of Power Electronic Circuits and Electric Machines 1275 43.5. Simulations of AC Induction Machines Using Field Oriented (Vector) Control 1278 43.6. Simulation of Sensorless Vector Control Using PSpice 1282 43.7. Simulations Using Simplorer® 1288 43.8. Conclusions 1291 References 1292 Chapter 44. Packaging and Smart Power Systems 1294 44.1. Introduction 1294 44.2. Background 1295 44.3. Functional Integration 1295 44.4. Assessing Partitioning Technologies 1296 44.5. Cost-driven Partitioning 1300 44.6. Technology-driven Partitioning 1301 44.7. Example 2.2kW Motor Drive Design 1302 44.8. High Temperature (HT) Packaging 1304 Further Reading 1305 Section IX: Energy Sources, Storage and Transmission 1306 Chapter 45. Energy Sources 1308 45.1. Introduction 1308 45.2. Available Energy Sources 1313 45.3. Electric Energy Generation Technologies 1315 45.4. Conclusions 1342 References 1343 Chapter 46. Energy Storage 1350 46.1. Introduction 1350 46.2. Energy Storage Elements 1350 46.3. Modeling of Energy Storage Devices 1354 46.4. Hybridization of Energy Storage Systems 1360 46.5. Energy Management and Control Strategies 1362 46.6. Power Electronics for Energy Storage Systems 1364 46.7. Practical Case Studies 1367 46.8. Conclusions 1374 References 1374 Chapter 47. Electric Power Transmission 1376 47.1. Elements of Power System 1376 47.2. Generators and Transformers 1376 47.3. Transmission Line 1378 47.4. Factors That Limit Power Transfer in Transmission Line 1379 47.5. Effect of Temperature on Conductor Sag or Tension 1382 47.6. Standard and Guidelines on Thermal Rating Calculation 1385 47.7. Optimizing Power Transmission Capacity 1385 47.8. Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements of Transmission Lines 1389 47.9. Methods of Controlling Overvoltages 1391 47.10. Insulation Coordination 1392 References 1393 Index 1394

Power electronics, which is a rapidly growing area in terms of research and applications, uses modern electronics technology to convert electric power from one form to another, such as ac-dc, dc-dc, dc-ac, and ac-ac with a variable output magnitude and frequency. It has many applications in our every day life such as air-conditioners, electric cars, sub-way trains, motor drives, renewable energy sources and power supplies for computers. This book covers all aspects of switching devices, converter circuit topologies, control techniques, analytical methods and some examples of their applications.

Designed to appeal to a new generation of engineering professionals, Power Electronics Handbook, 3rd Edition features four new chapters covering renewable energy, energy transmission, energy storage, as well as an introduction to Distributed and Cogeneration (DCG) technology, including gas turbines, gensets, microturbines, wind turbines, variable speed generators, photovoltaics and fuel cells, has been gaining momentum for quite some time now.smart grid technology. With this book readers should be able to provide technical design leadership on assigned power electronics design projects and lead the design from the concept to production involving significant scope and complexity.

• Contains 45 chapters covering all aspects of power electronics and its applications
• Three new chapters now including coverage Energy Sources, Energy Storage and Electric Power Transmission
• Contributions from more than fifty leading experts spanning twelve different countries

"Designed to appeal to a new generation of engineering professionals, Power Electronics Handbook, 3rd Edition features four new chapters covering renewable energy, energy transmission, energy storage, as well as an introduction to Distributed and Cogeneration (DCG) technology, including gas turbines, gensets, microturbines, wind turbines, variable speed generators, photovoltaics and fuel cells, has been gaining momentum for quite some time now.smart grid technology. With this book readers should be able to provide technical design leadership on assigned power electronics design projects and lead the design from the concept to production involving significant scope and complexity"-- Provided by publisher