Psychobiological Principles of the Memory Process

“Essential reading for anyone interested in understanding and treating traumatic stress and the scope of its impact on society.” —Alexander McFarlane, Director of the Centre for Traumatic Stress StudiesA pioneering researcher transforms our understanding of trauma and offers a bold new paradigm for healing in this New York Times bestsellerTrauma is a fact of life. Veterans and their families deal with the painful aftermath of combat; one in five Americans has been molested; one in four grew up with alcoholics; one in three couples have engaged in physical violence. Dr. Bessel van der Kolk, one of the world’s foremost experts on trauma, has spent over three decades working with survivors. In The Body Keeps the Score , he uses recent scientific advances to show how trauma literally reshapes both body and brain, compromising sufferers’ capacities for pleasure, engagement, self-control, and trust. He explores innovative treatments—from neurofeedback and meditation to sports, drama, and yoga—that offer new paths to recovery by activating the brain’s natural neuroplasticity. Based on Dr. van der Kolk’s own research and that of other leading specialists, The Body Keeps the Score exposes the tremendous power of our relationships both to hurt and to heal—and offers new hope for reclaiming lives. Contents Preface Chapter 1 Basic Neuroanatomy Underlying the Memory Systems Concept of “Memory Systems” Categories of Memory Systems and Their Neuroanatomic Basis Phyletic Memory Individual Memory Short-Term Memory Iconic Sensory Memory Echoic Sensory Memory Active Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Explicit Memory (Declarative) Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative) Associative Implicit Memory Classic Conditioning Operant Conditioning Non-Associative Implicit Memory Procedural Memory Habituation Sensitization References Chapter 2 Neurochemistry of Memory Basic Principles of Neurotransmission Acetylcholine-Mediated Neurotransmission Cholinergic Activity and Memory Neurotransmission Mediated by Biogenic Amines Dopamine Dopaminergic Activity and Memory Norepinephrine Norepinephrine and Memory Serotonin Serotonin and Memory Neurotransmission Mediated by Amino Acids Glutamic Acid Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Memory GABA GABAergic Neurotransmission and Memory References Chapter 3 Synaptic Plasticity Associated with Memory Interneuronal Communication History of Dendritic Spines General Structure of Spines Spinogenesis Spines and Synapses Excitatory Synaptic Transmission The Electrophysiological Basis of Synaptic Plasticity Synaptic Plasticity, Learning, and Memory References Chapter 4 The Neuromodulation of Cognitive Processes The Concept of “Neuromodulation” Neurotransmitters with Neuromodulatory Activity The Immune System Cytokines and Cognitive Processes Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1β) Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Interleukin 10 (IL-10) Interleukin 15 (IL-15) Interleukin 18 (IL-18) Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) Steroid Hormones Action Mechanisms of Steroids Participation of Estrogen Receptors in Modulating Cognitive Functions References Chapter 5 The Development and Maturation of Memory Genes, Synaptic Activity, and Plasticity Genes Related to Synaptic Activity Gene Expression Dependent on Synaptic Activity Activity-Regulated Genes That Modify Synaptic Strength Regulator of Signaling Gene 2 (RSG2) Candidate Gene for Plasticity 2 (CGP2) Serum-Induced Protein Kinase (SNK) Genes That Regulate Synaptic Addition and Elimination Candidate Gene for Plasticity 15 (CPG15) Tissue Plasminogen Activator (PLAT) Neuronal Protein with PAS 4 Domain (NPAS4) Pentraxin Regulated by Neuronal Activity (NPTX2) Genes and Memory Calcium Signaling Genes Genetic Variability and Memory-Related Disorders Gene APOE Gene BDNF Gene WWC1 Gene COMT Gene HTR2A Epigenetic Mechanisms and Memory Epigenetic Mechanisms Involved in Synaptic Function Epigenetics in Memory Formation Epigenetically Mediated Synaptic Plasticity Development of Memory in Childhood and Adolescence Cognitive Performance During the Reproductive Age of Women The Menstrual Cycle and Memory Cognitive Performance during Pregnancy Variations in Cognitive Performance during Menopause Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Cognitive Functions Aging Successful Aging References Chapter 6 Pathological Disorders Associated with Memory Impairments Memory in Clinical Medicine Psychopathological Alterations of Memory: Amnesias Quantitative Amnestic Disorders Hypomnesia Hypermnesia Prodigious Hypermnesia Fixation or Anterograde Amnesia Conservation Amnesia Evocational or Retrograde Amnesia Differentiated Amnesias Transient Global Amnesia Lacunar or Circumscribed Amnesia Affective Amnesias Functional Amnesias Qualitative Amnestic Disorders Pseudo-Reminiscences Cryptomnesia Paramnesias Duplicative Paramnesia Psychopathological Alterations of Memory: Dementias Alzheimer’s Disease Psychopathological Alterations of Memory: Epilepsy Pre-Ictal Stage Ictal Stage Post-Ictal Stage Psychopathological Alterations of Memory: Major Depressive Disorder Psychopathological Alterations of Memory: Schizophrenia Etiology of Schizophrenia Distinctive Development of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia and Cognitive Performance Neuroanatomic Bases of Schizophrenia Memory in the Pre-Morbid Stage of Schizophrenia References Chapter 7 Experimental Study of Memory in Animal Models Where to? From Where? The Theoretical Challenge: The Evolutionary Development of Psychic Activity The Methodological Challenge: Experimental Studies Characteristics and Implementation of an Experimental Model Validation Criteria for Experimental Studies Construct Validity Face Validity Predictive Validity The Technological Challenge: Experimental Devices References About the Author Index Blank Page "Memory is a cognitive process that has been addressed widely in scientific study. In fact, the number of original research articles that have attempted to characterize memory from different approaches is so vast that integrating the knowledge derived from this extensive body of scientific research makes formal compilations, such as the one offered to the reader in this book, necessary. Psychobiological Principles of the Memory Process is a particularly useful book by virtue of the fact that it addresses genetic, molecular, cellular, and systematic aspects related to the organization and performance of memory, under both normal conditions and those associated with pathology, and because it examines clinical and experimental approaches throughout development. The 7 chapters that make up the book were written with a homogeneous structure and in clear, concise scientific language that is adequate for specialists and science students, but is also accessible to non-specialized, or amateur, neuroscience readers"-- Provided by publisher