Single cell oils : [symposium

Featuring recognized academic and industrial experts in this cutting-edge field, this book reviews single cell oils (SCO) currently in the market. The text mainly focuses on the production of the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Arachidonic acid, and Docosahexaenoinc acid. All chapters provide up to date references for navigating the vast amount of historic data available in the field. The authors provide real world examples of the commercial development and applications of various SCO in a variety of fields, from food ingredients and disease treatment to aquaculture and fish farming. The highlight of the book is perhaps the first chapter in which Colin Ratledge, a world renowned expert in SCO and lipid biochemistry, gives an interesting and informative overview on the history of SCO development, together with his perspectives on the future of this industry in light of competition arising from genetically modified plant oils. Zvi Cohen, a renowned expert in PUFA-producing microalgae, describes some of his metabolic studies on PUFA production and TAG biosynthesis. Chapter 10 deals with EPA-producing microalgae and some cultivation strategies for their large scale production. This chapter includes a number of tables summarizing the various organisms under investigation which I found to be of great use. Since the development of EPA single cell oils is still in its infancy, this chapter is quite helpful for researchers thinking along those lines. Cover Page......Page 1 Title: Single Cell Oils......Page 2 ISBN 1893997804......Page 3 Dedication......Page 4 Preface......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 The Early Years......Page 8 A Process for GLA Production......Page 12 A Process for a Cocoa Butter Equivalent Fat......Page 14 The Quest for a Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich SCO......Page 15 An ARA-Rich SCO......Page 16 Other Sources of PUFA-SCO......Page 17 SCO and Competition from Genetically Modified Plant Oils......Page 21 References......Page 24 Arachidonic Acid-Producing M. alpina and Related Strains......Page 28 12 Desaturase-Defective Mutants......Page 30 6 Desaturase-Defective Mutants......Page 31 Mutants with Enhanced Desaturase Activities......Page 32 6 Desaturase......Page 33 Elongase......Page 34 Genetic Manipulation of M. alpina Strains......Page 35 References......Page 36 Importance of Long-Chain w-3 Fatty Acids in Human Health......Page 43 Need for Alternative Technology Development......Page 44 Bio-Rational Approach to Technology Development......Page 45 Preliminary Toxicology Screen......Page 49 Fermentation Scale-Up......Page 50 Safety of the Biomass and Extracted DHA-Rich Oil......Page 53 Conclusion......Page 54 References......Page 55 Occurrence of PUFA-Rich TAG in Microalgae......Page 60 Accumulation of PUFA in Microalgae......Page 61 Biosynthesis of PUFA in P. Cruentum......Page 62 The Molecular Species Composition of the Galactolipids of P. cruentum Is Modified by Temperature......Page 63 Selection of Chill-Sensitive Mutants of P. cruentum Reveals a Novel Role for TAG......Page 64 Recovery from nitrogen starvation......Page 65 PUFA-Rich TAG Can Be Used as a Reservoir of PUFA for the Modification of Choloroplastic Lipids......Page 66 Isolation and Characterization of Parietochloris incisa......Page 67 Induced Accumulation of AA in P. Incisa......Page 68 Effect of Cell Density on AA Content......Page 70 Biosynthesis of AA in P. Incisa......Page 71 Role of AA in P. Incisa......Page 73 Acknowledgments......Page 75 References......Page 76 Arachidonic Acid......Page 80 Some Properties of M. alpina and M. Alpina Lipids......Page 81 LCPUFA Biosynthesis in M. alpina......Page 85 Fermentation of M. alpina......Page 87 References......Page 88 Introduction......Page 93 Significance of DHA......Page 95 C. cohnii as Production Organism......Page 96 Strain Selection and Optimization......Page 97 Industrial Production of DHASCOTM......Page 98 Characteristics of DHASCOTM......Page 102 References......Page 104 Microalgae as a Source of ω-3 PUFA......Page 106 Mass Cultivation of Ulkenia......Page 107 Properties of the DHA Oil Derived from Ulkenia......Page 108 Genetics of Ulkenia......Page 109 References......Page 112 Introduction......Page 114 Uses of Alternative Carbon Sources......Page 115 Use of Acetic Acid......Page 116 Ethanol as Carbon Source......Page 123 Lipid Production from C2 Carbon Sources......Page 127 References......Page 128 Dunaliella salina......Page 131 Haematococcus pluvialis......Page 134 Other Carotenoids and Other Organisms......Page 136 References......Page 138 Structure and Significance......Page 145 Sources......Page 147 Factors Influencing EPA Production......Page 151 Cultivation Systems for Microalgae......Page 154 Cultivation Strategies for EPA Production by Microalgae......Page 156 Prospects of EPA Production by Microorganisms......Page 157 Conclusion......Page 160 References......Page 161 Introduction......Page 168 Safety Evaluation......Page 169 Safety Assessment Approach......Page 170 Safety of Source Organisms......Page 171 Nonclinical Toxicology of SCO......Page 173 Postmarket Surveillance......Page 175 United States......Page 176 Europe......Page 179 Novel Foods......Page 180 EFSA......Page 181 Conclusion......Page 182 References......Page 183 Introduction......Page 189 SCO Studies in Animals: PUFA Levels in Tissues and Functional Studies......Page 193 Trial Design and Treatments......Page 195 Outcomes......Page 196 SCO Studies in Adults......Page 197 References......Page 199 General Considerations for Single Cell Oil Extraction......Page 209 Extraction of Single Cell OIl γ-Linolenic Acid from Mucor circinelloides......Page 211 Process Design......Page 213 Extraction of DHA-Rich Oils from Crypthecodinium cohnii and Schizochytrium sp.......Page 215 Pre-Treatment and Cell Disruption......Page 217 Extraction and Refining......Page 218 General Considerations......Page 220 Extraction......Page 222 References......Page 223 Introduction......Page 227 Carbon Dioxide as the Preferred Supercritical Fluid......Page 229 Fundamental Principles: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects......Page 231 Extraction of Biochemicals from Algae......Page 235 Chlorella vulgaris......Page 236 Botryococcus braunii......Page 237 Dunaliella......Page 238 Haematococcus pluvialis......Page 239 P. rhodozyma......Page 240 Mortierella......Page 241 Conclusions......Page 242 References......Page 243 A Short History of the Commercial Production of SCO......Page 246 DHA Oil from Crypthecodinium......Page 247 New Sources of SCO......Page 248 Genetic Engineering of Microbes......Page 249 Genetic Engineering of Plants......Page 250 New Food Applications......Page 251 Animal Applications......Page 252 References......Page 253