Waste Management, Processing and Valorisation

This book highlights current efforts and research on waste management, processing and valorization, particularly in Asia-Africa countries. Chapters 1–2 highlight the overview of plastic waste management and the production of waste plastic oil (WPO). Chapters 3–5 discuss the landfill characterization and application of incineration and composting for waste processing. A new achievement in adsorbent production is highlighted in Chapters 6 and 7 while Chapters 10 and 11 focus on sewage characteristic and its utilization using microalgae. Enzyme production using waste is covered by Chapters 10-12 . Chapter 13-14 dedicated to the advances in production of bioenergy. The book concludes with a discussion on life cycle analysis for solid waste management (Chapter 15). Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors The Menace of Single Use Plastics: Management and Challenges in the African Context 1 Introduction 1.1 Plastics: Production and Utilization 1.2 Single Use Plastics 1.3 Single Use Plastic Waste Pollution, Dangers, and Health Implications 2 Africa Single Use Plastic Waste Generation Profile 2.1 Beating Plastic Pollution: Management Practices in Africa 2.2 Policies Toward Management of Single Use Plastics in Africa 2.3 Africa’s Challenges to Single Use Plastics Waste Management 2.4 The Ethiopian Scenario 2.5 The Kenyan Experience 2.6 The Recycling Alliances 3 Lessons from the Global Community 3.1 The Way Forward: Pledges by International Brands 3.2 Biodegradable Plastics—Bane or Boon? 3.3 The Covid-19 Effect on Single Use Plastic Waste 3.4 Doing Your Bid-Avoid Single Use Plastics 4 Conclusion References Upcycling of Plastic Waste 1 Introduction 2 Feedstock for Plastic Pyrolysis 2.1 Polyethylene (PE) 2.2 Polypropylene (PP) 2.3 Polystyrene (PS) 3 Operating Parameters for Pyrolysis 3.1 Temperature 3.2 Heating Rate 3.3 Reaction and Residence Time 3.4 Catalyst 3.5 Carrier Gas 4 Pyrolysis Products 4.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Oil 4.2 Compositional Analysis of Oil 4.3 Other Pyrolysis Products 5 Pyrolysis Oil Performance 6 Mixed Waste Plastics 7 Appropriate Technology Reactors 8 Conclusion References Characterization of Waste Fractions Found in Landfills 1 Introduction 1.1 Waste Behavior 1.2 Waste Characterization 2 Characterization Methods 2.1 Physical Characterization 2.2 Physical Composition 2.3 Particle Size Distribution 2.4 Waste Density 2.5 Moisture Content 2.6 Chemical Characterization 2.7 Organic Content 2.8 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfills 2.9 Quantity of Different Components in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills from 1960–2018 in the USA 2.10 Industrial Waste and Construction and Demolition Landfill 2.11 Hazardous Waste Landfills 3 Conclusion References Assessment and a Case Study of Small-Scale Incinerators for Municipal and Agriculture Waste Disposal in Rural Regions 1 Introduction 2 Waste Categories and Open Burning 3 Small-Scale Incinerator 4 Small-Scale Municipal Waste Incinerator 5 Fabrication of Heat-Resistant Combustion Chamber Wall 6 Operation of a Small-Scale Incinerator 7 Small-Scale Agriculture Waste Incinerator 8 Waste Storage and Drying System 9 Conclusion References CFD Assessment of Natural Ventilation Designs for Composting Systems 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Mathematical Models 2.2 Turbulence Model 2.3 Validation 2.4 Boundary Conditions 2.5 Heat Load Calculation 2.6 Mesh Grid Optimisation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion and Recommendation References Preparation, Characterisation and Application of Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste as Sustainable Natural Adsorbent for the Removal of Heavy Metal 1 Introduction 2 Palm Oil Mill Solid Wastes 3 Towards True Low-Cost Adsorbent 4 Preparation of Adsorbent 5 Some Physicochemical Properties of the Palm Oil Mill Solid Wastes-Based Adsorbent 5.1 Leaching of Heavy Metal 5.2 Water-Adsorbent pH and pH Point of Zero Charge 5.3 Surface Morphology 5.4 Surface Area and Average Pore Diameter 5.5 Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen Contents 6 Adsorption of Heavy Metal 6.1 Optimum Adsorption pH 6.2 Optimum Adsorption Contact Time 6.3 Adsorption Isotherms 6.4 Adsorption Kinetics 7 Conclusion and the Way Forward References Comparison Between Fresh and Degraded Biochar for Ammonium Ion (NH4+) Removal from Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Materials and Preparation of FBB and DBB 2.2 Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of DB, FB, DBB, and FBB 2.3 Adsorption 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Determination of Elemental Atomic Composition, Carbon Char Yield, Ash Content, and Moisture Content 3.2 Determination of Functional Groups Through Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis for Bamboo Biochar Before Adsorption and After Adsorption 3.3 Determination of Surface Morphology DB, FB, FBB, and DBB 3.4 Determination of SBET, Pz, and Pv 3.5 Effect of Contact Time on NH4+ Adsorption 4 Conclusion References Waste and Health: Sewage Sludge and Its Hazard to Human 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Sewage Sludge 1.2 Production and Composition of Sewage Sludge 1.3 Sewage Sludge Treatment 1.4 Sewage Sludge Disposal 2 Potential Hazard: Health-Related Issues 2.1 Infection 2.2 Heavy Metal Poisoning 2.3 Skin Irritation 2.4 Pulmonary Disease 2.5 Cancer 3 Approaches to Reduce the Health-Related Risk 4 Conclusion References Microalgae Mediated Sludge Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Mechanisms of Microalgae for Sewage Treatment 2.1 Strain Selection 2.2 Pretreatment 3 Wastewater Treatment 3.1 Uptake of Nutrients 3.2 Carbon Uptake/Removal 3.3 Nitrogen Removal 3.4 Phosphorus Removal 3.5 Removal of Heavy Metals 3.6 Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) 3.7 Microalgal Cultivation and Configuration of Bioreactor for Wastewater Treatment 4 Applications of Algal Biomass from Wastewater 5 Conclusion References Microbial Factory; Utilization of Pectin-Rich Agro-Industrial Wastes for the Production of Pectinases Enzymes Through Solid State Fermentation (SSF) 1 Introduction 2 Undesired Accumulation of Agro-Industrial Wastes as a Detrimental Issue 3 Utilization of Agro-Industrial Wastes with Pectic Substances for Pectinases Enzymes Production 3.1 Pectic Substances 3.2 Classification of Pectic Compounds 4 Pectinases Enzymes 4.1 Classification of Pectinases Enzymes and Their Mechanism of Actions 5 Microorganisms as Potential Pectinase Producer 5.1 Fungi as Potential Pectinase Producer 5.2 Bacteria as Potential Pectinase Producer 5.3 Yeasts as Potential Pectinase Producer 6 Biotechnological Application of Microbial Pectinases 6.1 Acidic Pectinases 6.2 Alkaline Pectinases 7 Solid State Fermentation (SSF); A Cost-Saving Tool to Produce Microbial Enzymes 7.1 Selection of Substrate 7.2 Screening of Potential Microbial Enzyme Producer 7.3 Optimal Physical Conditions for Microbial Enzyme Production via SSF 7.4 Optimal Chemical Conditions for Microbial Enzyme Production via SSF 8 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Zero-Waste Concept in the Seafood Industry: Enzymatic Hydrolysis Perspective 1 Introduction 1.1 Zero-Waste Policy 1.2 Policies on Seafood Waste Management 2 Seafood Processing Industry 2.1 Global Outlook on the Seafood Industry 3 Processing of Fish and Seafood By-Products 3.1 Fish By-Product Hydrolysate 3.2 Bioactive Peptides 4 Conclusion References Utilization of Lignocellulosic Agro-Waste as an Alternative Carbon Source for Industrial Enzyme Production 1 α-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) 2 Amyloglucosidases (EC 3.1.2.3) 3 Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) 4 Xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) 5 Inulinase (EC3.2.1.7) 6 Mannanase (EC 3.2.1.25) 7 Invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) 8 Pectinase (EC 3.2.1.15) 9 Protease (EC 3.4.21.62) 10 Transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13) 11 Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) 12 Summary References The Future Promising Alternative Renewable Energy from Microbial Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 World Current Problem 3 Microbial Fuel Cell at Emerging Stage 4 Basic Design of MFC 5 Sources of MFC Substrate 5.1 Acetate 5.2 Carbohydrate 5.3 Glucose 5.4 Wastewater 6 Bioremediation MFC 7 Simultaneous of Bioremediation and Electricity 8 Commercialization Potential of MFC 9 The Opportunity of MFC Technology 10 Conclusion References Waste to Wealth: The Importance of Yeasts in Sustainable Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 1 Introduction 2 Production of Bioethanol 2.1 Processes in Bioethanol Production 2.2 Utilization of Alternative Feedstocks for Bioethanol Production 3 Development of Yeasts for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 3.1 Acetate-Tolerant Yeasts 3.2 Multistress Tolerant Yeasts 3.3 Ethanologenic Microbes and Their Strain Development 3.4 Pichia as Emerging Ethanologenic Yeast 4 Conclusion References Achieving Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Option of Valorisation and Circular Economy Model 1 Introduction 2 Waste Management and Sustainable Development Goals 3 Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries 4 Life-Cycle Assessment Approach to Solid Waste Management 4.1 Social Impacts of Life-Cycle Assessment 4.2 Material Recovery and Social Risks 5 Life-Cycle Assessment and Circular Economy of Solid Wastes 5.1 Circular Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa 5.2 Solid Waste Valorisation 6 Conclusion References