Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems, 3rd ed.

This text explains the general principles of how wireless systems work, how mobility is supported, what the underlying infrastructure is and what interactions are needed among different functional components. Designed as a textbook appropriate for undergraduate or graduate courses in Computer Science (CS), Computer Engineering (CE), and Electrical Engineering (EE), Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems third edition focuses on qualitative descriptions and the realistic explanations of relationships between wireless systems and performance parameters. Rather than offering a thorough history behind the development of wireless technologies or an exhaustive list of work being carried out, the authors help CS, CE, and EE students learn this exciting technology through relevant examples such as understanding how a cell phone starts working as soon as they get out of an airplane. Cover Page 1 Title Page 2 Copyright Page 4 Dedication 5 About Authors 6 Preface to the Third Edition 20 Preface to the Second Edition 22 Preface to the First Edition 24 Acknowledgments for the First Edition 28 Contents 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 29 1.1 History of Cellular Systems 29 1.2 Characteristics of Cellular Systems 38 1.3 Fundamentals of Cellular Systems 42 1.4 Cellular System Infrastructure 47 1.5 Satellite Systems 50 1.6 Network Protocols 51 1.7 Ad Hoc Networks 52 1.8 Sensor Networks 53 1.9 Wireless LANs, MANs, and PANs 54 1.10 Recent Advances 54 1.11 Outline of the Book 55 1.12 References 55 1.13 Problems 57 Chapter 2: Probability, Statistics, and Traffic Theories 58 2.1 Introduction 58 2.2 Basic Probability and Statistics Theories 58 2.2.1 Random Variables 58 2.2.2 Cumulative Distribution Function 59 2.2.3 Probability Density Function 60 2.2.4 Expected Value, nth Moment, nth Central Moment, and Variance 60 2.2.5 Some Important Distributions 62 2.2.6 Multiple Random Variables 64 2.3 Traffic Theory 67 2.3.1 Poisson Arrival Model 67 2.4 Basic Queuing Systems 69 2.4.1 What Is Queuing Theory? 69 2.4.2 Basic Queuing Theory 69 2.4.3 Kendall’s Notation 70 2.4.4 Little’s Law 70 2.4.5 Markov Process 71 2.4.6 Birth–Death Process 71 2.4.7 M/M/1/∞ Queuing System 72 2.4.8 M/M/S/∞ Queuing System 74 2.4.9 M/G/1/∞ Queuing System 76 2.5 Summary 82 2.6 References 82 2.7 Problems 82 Chapter 3: Mobile Radio Propagation 86 3.1 Introduction 86 3.2 Types of Radio Waves 86 3.3 Propagation Mechanisms 87 3.4 Free Space Propagation 88 3.5 Land Propagation 90 3.6 Path Loss 91 3.7 Slow Fading 93 3.8 Fast Fading 95 3.8.1 Statistical Characteristics of Envelope 95 3.8.2 Characteristics of Instantaneous Amplitude 98 3.9 Doppler Effect 99 3.10 Delay Spread 100 3.11 Intersymbol Interference 101 3.12 Coherence Bandwidth 102 3.13 Cochannel Interference 103 3.14 Summary 103 3.15 References 104 3.16 Experiments 104 3.17 Open-Ended Projects 106 3.18 Problems 106 Chapter 4: Channel Coding and Error Control 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Linear Block Codes 110 4.3 Cyclic Codes 115 4.4 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 116 4.5 Convolutional Codes 117 4.6 Interleaver 119 4.7 Turbo Codes 121 4.8 ARQ Techniques 122 4.8.1 Stop-And-Wait ARQ Scheme 122 4.8.2 Go-Back-N ARQ Scheme 124 4.8.3 Selective-Repeat ARQ Scheme 125 4.9 Summary 127 4.10 References 127 4.11 Experiments 128 4.12 Open-Ended Projects 130 4.13 Problems 130 Chapter 5: Cellular Concept 134 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Cell Area 134 5.3 Signal Strength and Cell Parameters 136 5.4 Capacity of a Cell 140 5.5 Frequency Reuse 142 5.6 How to Form a Cluster 143 5.7 Cochannel Interference 146 5.8 Cell Splitting 147 5.9 Cell Sectoring 148 5.10 Summary 151 5.11 References 151 5.12 Experiments 151 5.13 Open-Ended Projects 153 5.14 Problems 153 Chapter 6: Multiple Radio Access 158 6.1 Introduction 158 6.2 Multiple Radio Access Protocols 159 6.3 Contention-Based Protocols 160 6.3.1 Pure ALOHA 161 6.3.2 Slotted ALOHA 162 6.3.3 CSMA 164 6.3.4 CSMA/CD 167 6.3.5 CSMA/CA 169 6.4 Summary 173 6.5 References 173 6.6 Experiments 175 6.7 Open-Ended Projects 176 6.8 Problems 176 Chatper 7: Multiple Division Techniques for Traffic Channels 179 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 Concepts and Models for Multiple Divisions 179 7.2.1 FDMA 180 7.2.2 TDMA 182 7.2.3 CDMA 184 7.2.4 OFDM 190 7.2.5 SDMA 191 7.2.6 Comparison of Multiple Division Techniques 193 7.3 Modulation Techniques 194 7.3.1 AM 194 7.3.2 FM 195 7.3.3 FSK 195 7.3.4 PSK 196 7.3.5 QPSK 196 7.3.6 π/4QPSK 197 7.3.7 QAM 199 7.3.8 16QAM 199 7.4 Summary 200 7.5 References 200 7.6 Experiments 201 7.7 Open-Ended Projects 202 7.8 Problems 202 Chapter 8: Traffic Channel Allocation 205 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Static Allocation versus Dynamic Allocation 206 8.3 Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA) 207 8.3.1 Simple Borrowing Schemes 208 8.3.2 Complex Borrowing Schemes 208 8.4 Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) 210 8.4.1 Centralized Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes 210 8.4.2 Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes 211 8.5 Hybrid Channel Allocation (HCA) 212 8.5.1 Hybrid Channel Allocation (HCA) Schemes 212 8.5.2 Flexible Traffic Channel Allocation Schemes 213 8.6 Allocation in Specialized System Structure 213 8.6.1 Channel Allocation in One-Dimensional Systems 213 8.6.2 Reuse Partitioning–Based Channel Allocation 214 8.6.3 Overlapped Cells–Based Channel Allocation 215 8.7 System Modeling 217 8.7.1 Basic Modeling 217 8.7.2 Modeling for Channel Reservation 219 8.8 Summary 220 8.9 References 221 8.10 Experiments 221 8.11 Open-Ended Projects 223 8.12 Problems 223 Chapter 9: Network Protocols 228 9.1 Introduction 228 9.1.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer 229 9.1.2 Layer 2: Data Link Layer 230 9.1.3 Layer 3: Network Layer 230 9.1.4 Layer 4: Transport Layer 230 9.1.5 Layer 5: Session Layer 231 9.1.6 Layer 6: Presentation Layer 231 9.1.7 Layer 7: Application Layer 231 9.2 TCP/IP Protocol 231 9.2.1 Physical and Data Link Layers 232 9.2.2 Network Layer 232 9.2.3 TCP 234 9.2.4 Application Layer 235 9.2.5 Routing Using Bellman-Ford Algorithm 235 9.3 TCP over Wireless 236 9.3.1 Need for TCP over Wireless 236 9.3.2 Limitations of Wired Version of TCP 236 9.3.3 Solutions for Wireless Environment 236 9.4 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 240 9.4.1 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 240 9.4.2 IPv6 Header Format 241 9.4.3 Features of IPv6 241 9.4.4 Differences between IPv6 and IPv4 242 9.5 Summary 243 9.6 References 243 9.7 Experiment 244 9.8 Open-Ended Project 245 9.9 Problems 246 Chapter 10: Mobile Communication Systems 248 10.1 Introduction 248 10.2 Cellular System Infrastructure 248 10.3 Registration 250 10.4 Handoff Parameters and Underlying Support 253 10.4.1 Parameters Influencing Handoff 253 10.4.2 Handoff Underlying Support 254 10.5 Roaming Support 256 10.5.1 Home Agents, Foreign Agents, and Mobile IP 258 10.5.2 Rerouting in Backbone Routers 260 10.6 Multicasting 261 10.7 Security and Privacy 264 10.7.1 Encryption Techniques 264 10.7.2 Authentication 267 10.7.3 Wireless System Security 269 10.8 Firewalls and System Security 272 10.9 Summary 273 10.10 References 274 10.11 Experiments 275 10.12 Open-Ended Project 278 10.13 Problems 278 Chapter 11: Existing Wireless Systems 282 11.1 Introduction 282 11.2 AMPS 282 11.2.1 Characteristics of AMPS 283 11.2.2 Operation of AMPS 284 11.2.3 General Working of AMPS Phone System 286 11.3 IS-41 287 11.3.1 Introduction 287 11.3.2 Support Operations 289 11.4 GSM 290 11.4.1 Frequency Bands and Channels 291 11.4.2 Frames in GSM 293 11.4.3 Identity Numbers Used by a GSM System 293 11.4.4 Interfaces, Planes, and Layers of GSM 296 11.4.5 Handoff 298 11.4.6 Short Message Service (SMS) 299 11.5 PCS 299 11.5.1 Chronology of PCS Development 300 11.5.2 Bellcore View of PCS 302 11.6 IS-95 304 11.6.1 Power Control 308 11.7 IMT-2000 309 11.7.1 International Spectrum Allocation 309 11.7.2 Services Provided by Third-Generation Cellular Systems 310 11.7.3 Harmonized 3G Systems 311 11.7.4 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) 311 11.7.5 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 312 11.8 Summary 318 11.9 References 318 11.10 Problems 318 Chapter 12: Satellite Systems 321 12.1 Introduction 321 12.2 Types of Satellite Systems 321 12.3 Characteristics of Satellite Systems 327 12.4 Satellite System Infrastructure 327 12.5 Call Setup 331 12.6 Global Positioning System 333 12.6.1 Limitations of GPS 336 12.6.2 Beneficiaries of GPS 338 12.7 A-GPS and E 911 340 12.8 Summary 341 12.9 References 341 12.10 Experiment 341 12.11 Open-Ended Project 342 12.12 Problems 343 Chapter 13: Ad Hoc Networks 345 13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Characteristics of MANETs 347 13.3 Applications 347 13.4 Routing 349 13.4.1 Need for Routing 350 13.4.2 Routing Classification 350 13.5 Table-Driven Routing Protocols 351 13.5.1 Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing 351 13.5.2 Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing 352 13.5.3 Wireless Routing Protocol 353 13.6 Source-Initiated On-Demand Routing 354 13.6.1 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing 354 13.6.2 Dynamic Source Routing 356 13.6.3 Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm 357 13.6.4 Associativity-Based Routing 360 13.6.5 Signal Stability-Based Routing 361 13.7 Hybrid Protocol 362 13.7.1 Zone Routing 362 13.7.2 Fisheye State Routing 363 13.7.3 Landmark Routing (LANMAR) for MANET with Group Mobility 363 13.7.4 Location-Aided Routing 364 13.7.5 Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility 366 13.7.6 Relative Distance Microdiscovery Ad Hoc Routing 366 13.7.7 Power Aware Routing 367 13.7.8 Multipath Routing Protocols 368 13.8 Vehicular Area Network (VANET) 377 13.9 Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) 379 13.9.1 Security Approaches 381 13.9.2 Requirements for an Intrusion Detection System for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 382 13.9.3 Intrusion Detection Architecture Based on a Static Stationary Database 385 13.9.4 Logging Module 390 13.10 Network Simulators 390 13.10.1 ns-2 390 13.10.2 Other Network Simulators 392 13.11 Summary 393 13.12 References 394 13.13 Experiments 399 13.14 Open-Ended Project 401 13.15 Problems 401 Chapter 14: Sensor Networks 405 14.1 Introduction 405 14.1.1 DARPA Efforts toward Wireless Sensor Networks 409 14.1.2 Other Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks 409 14.2 Fixed Wireless Sensor Networks 410 14.3 Wireless Sensor Networks 411 14.4 Sensor Deployment 413 14.4.1 Randomly Deployed Sensor Networks 414 14.4.2 Regularly Deployed Sensor Networks 415 14.5 Network Characteristics 416 14.5.1 Classification of Sensor Networks 416 14.5.2 Fundamentals of MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks 417 14.5.3 Flat Routing in Sensor Networks 418 14.6 Design Issues in Sensor Networks 427 14.6.1 Sensor Databases 428 14.6.2 Collaborative Information Processing 428 14.6.3 Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) 429 14.6.4 Multipath Routing in Sensor Networks 429 14.6.5 Service Differentiation 431 14.6.6 Multipath Routing–Based Service Differentiation 432 14.6.7 Energy Hole Problem 433 14.6.8 Data Aggregation and Operating System 435 14.6.9 Operating System Design 437 14.7 Secured Communication 437 14.7.1 Symmetric Key–Based Encryption 438 14.7.2 Intrusion Detection Schemes 440 14.8 Summary 444 14.9 References 444 14.10 Experiments 451 14.11 Open-Ended Project 454 14.12 Problems 454 Chapter 15: Wireless LANs, MANs, and PANs 460 15.1 Introduction 460 15.2 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 461 15.2.1 IEEE 802.11 461 15.2.2 An Overview of IEEE 802.11 Series Protocols 464 15.3 Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs 465 15.3.1 Issues in MAC Protocols 467 15.3.2 ETSI HiperLAN 469 15.3.3 HomeRF 472 15.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) using WiMAX and Mesh Networks 474 15.4.1 IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX 474 15.5 Mesh Networks 482 15.5.1 Ricochet 484 15.6 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) 486 15.6.1 Introduction 486 15.6.2 IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) 487 15.6.3 IEEE 802.15.3 493 15.6.4 IEEE 802.15.4 496 15.7 ZigBee 501 15.8 Summary 503 15.9 References 503 15.10 Experiments 506 15.11 Open-Ended Project 508 15.12 Problems 508 Chapter 16: Recent Advances 511 16.1 Introduction 511 16.2 Femtocell Network 512 16.2.1 Introduction 512 16.2.2 Technical Features 513 16.2.3 Challenges 516 16.2.4 Concluding Remarks 517 16.3 Ultra-Wideband Technology 518 16.3.1 UWB System Characteristics 518 16.3.2 UWB Signal Propagation 519 16.3.3 Current Status and Applications of UWB Technology 519 16.3.4 Difference Between UWB and Spread Spectrum Techniques 520 16.3.5 UWB Technology Advantages 521 16.3.6 UWB Technology Drawbacks 521 16.3.7 Challenges for UWB Technology 521 16.3.8 Future Directions 522 16.4 Push-to-Talk (PTT) Technology for SMS 522 16.4.1 PTT Network Technology 523 16.4.2 PTT in iDEN Cellular Networks 523 16.4.3 PTT in Non-iDEN Cellular Networks: PoC 523 16.4.4 Limitations of Current Services 524 16.5 RFID 525 16.6 Cognitive Radio 526 16.7 Multimedia Services Requirements 528 16.7.1 Media Codecs 529 16.7.2 File Formats 530 16.7.3 HTTP 530 16.7.4 Media Control Protocols 530 16.7.5 SIP 531 16.7.6 Multimedia Messaging Service 531 16.7.7 Multimedia Transmission in MANETs 532 16.8 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 533 16.9 Mobility and Resource Management for Integrated Systems 536 16.9.1 Mobility Management 536 16.9.2 Resource Management 538 16.9.3 Recent Advances in Resource Management 540 16.10 Multicast in Wireless Networks 541 16.10.1 Recent Advances in Multicast over Mobile IP 541 16.10.2 Reliable Wireless Multicast Protocols 543 16.10.3 Broadcasting, Multicasting, and Geocasting in Ad Hoc Networks 544 16.10.4 Future Directions 548 16.11 Directional and Smart Antennas 548 16.11.1 Types of Antenna 549 16.11.2 Smart Antennas and Beamforming 549 16.11.3 Smart Antennas and SDMA 550 16.12 WiMAX and Major Standards 552 16.12.1 IEEE 802.16j 553 16.12.2 IEEE 802.16m 553 16.13 Low-Power Design 554 16.14 XML 556 16.14.1 HTML Versus Markup Language 556 16.14.2 WML: XML Application for Wireless Handheld Devices 557 16.15 DDoS Attack Detection 557 16.15.1 Covariance Analysis Method 559 16.16 Summary 562 16.17 References 563 16.18 Open-Ended Problem 570 16.19 Problems 571 A Erlang B Table 573 Acronyms 579 Index 590 Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 About Authors......Page 6 Preface to the Third Edition......Page 20 Preface to the Second Edition......Page 22 Preface to the First Edition......Page 24 Acknowledgments for the First Edition......Page 28 Contents......Page 7 1.1 History of Cellular Systems......Page 29 1.2 Characteristics of Cellular Systems......Page 38 1.3 Fundamentals of Cellular Systems......Page 42 1.4 Cellular System Infrastructure......Page 47 1.5 Satellite Systems......Page 50 1.6 Network Protocols......Page 51 1.7 Ad Hoc Networks......Page 52 1.8 Sensor Networks......Page 53 1.10 Recent Advances......Page 54 1.12 References......Page 55 1.13 Problems......Page 57 2.2.1 Random Variables......Page 58 2.2.2 Cumulative Distribution Function......Page 59 2.2.4 Expected Value, nth Moment, nth Central Moment, and Variance......Page 60 2.2.5 Some Important Distributions......Page 62 2.2.6 Multiple Random Variables......Page 64 2.3.1 Poisson Arrival Model......Page 67 2.4.2 Basic Queuing Theory......Page 69 2.4.4 Little’s Law......Page 70 2.4.6 Birth–Death Process......Page 71 2.4.7 M/M/1/∞ Queuing System......Page 72 2.4.8 M/M/S/∞ Queuing System......Page 74 2.4.9 M/G/1/∞ Queuing System......Page 76 2.7 Problems......Page 82 3.2 Types of Radio Waves......Page 86 3.3 Propagation Mechanisms......Page 87 3.4 Free Space Propagation......Page 88 3.5 Land Propagation......Page 90 3.6 Path Loss......Page 91 3.7 Slow Fading......Page 93 3.8.1 Statistical Characteristics of Envelope......Page 95 3.8.2 Characteristics of Instantaneous Amplitude......Page 98 3.9 Doppler Effect......Page 99 3.10 Delay Spread......Page 100 3.11 Intersymbol Interference......Page 101 3.12 Coherence Bandwidth......Page 102 3.14 Summary......Page 103 3.16 Experiments......Page 104 3.18 Problems......Page 106 4.1 Introduction......Page 109 4.2 Linear Block Codes......Page 110 4.3 Cyclic Codes......Page 115 4.4 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)......Page 116 4.5 Convolutional Codes......Page 117 4.6 Interleaver......Page 119 4.7 Turbo Codes......Page 121 4.8.1 Stop-And-Wait ARQ Scheme......Page 122 4.8.2 Go-Back-N ARQ Scheme......Page 124 4.8.3 Selective-Repeat ARQ Scheme......Page 125 4.10 References......Page 127 4.11 Experiments......Page 128 4.13 Problems......Page 130 5.2 Cell Area......Page 134 5.3 Signal Strength and Cell Parameters......Page 136 5.4 Capacity of a Cell......Page 140 5.5 Frequency Reuse......Page 142 5.6 How to Form a Cluster......Page 143 5.7 Cochannel Interference......Page 146 5.8 Cell Splitting......Page 147 5.9 Cell Sectoring......Page 148 5.12 Experiments......Page 151 5.14 Problems......Page 153 6.1 Introduction......Page 158 6.2 Multiple Radio Access Protocols......Page 159 6.3 Contention-Based Protocols......Page 160 6.3.1 Pure ALOHA......Page 161 6.3.2 Slotted ALOHA......Page 162 6.3.3 CSMA......Page 164 6.3.4 CSMA/CD......Page 167 6.3.5 CSMA/CA......Page 169 6.5 References......Page 173 6.6 Experiments......Page 175 6.8 Problems......Page 176 7.2 Concepts and Models for Multiple Divisions......Page 179 7.2.1 FDMA......Page 180 7.2.2 TDMA......Page 182 7.2.3 CDMA......Page 184 7.2.4 OFDM......Page 190 7.2.5 SDMA......Page 191 7.2.6 Comparison of Multiple Division Techniques......Page 193 7.3.1 AM......Page 194 7.3.3 FSK......Page 195 7.3.5 QPSK......Page 196 7.3.6 π/4QPSK......Page 197 7.3.8 16QAM......Page 199 7.5 References......Page 200 7.6 Experiments......Page 201 7.8 Problems......Page 202 8.1 Introduction......Page 205 8.2 Static Allocation versus Dynamic Allocation......Page 206 8.3 Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA)......Page 207 8.3.2 Complex Borrowing Schemes......Page 208 8.4.1 Centralized Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes......Page 210 8.4.2 Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Schemes......Page 211 8.5.1 Hybrid Channel Allocation (HCA) Schemes......Page 212 8.6.1 Channel Allocation in One-Dimensional Systems......Page 213 8.6.2 Reuse Partitioning–Based Channel Allocation......Page 214 8.6.3 Overlapped Cells–Based Channel Allocation......Page 215 8.7.1 Basic Modeling......Page 217 8.7.2 Modeling for Channel Reservation......Page 219 8.8 Summary......Page 220 8.10 Experiments......Page 221 8.12 Problems......Page 223 9.1 Introduction......Page 228 9.1.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer......Page 229 9.1.4 Layer 4: Transport Layer......Page 230 9.2 TCP/IP Protocol......Page 231 9.2.2 Network Layer......Page 232 9.2.3 TCP......Page 234 9.2.5 Routing Using Bellman-Ford Algorithm......Page 235 9.3.3 Solutions for Wireless Environment......Page 236 9.4.1 Transition from IPv4 to IPv6......Page 240 9.4.3 Features of IPv6......Page 241 9.4.4 Differences between IPv6 and IPv4......Page 242 9.6 References......Page 243 9.7 Experiment......Page 244 9.8 Open-Ended Project......Page 245 9.9 Problems......Page 246 10.2 Cellular System Infrastructure......Page 248 10.3 Registration......Page 250 10.4.1 Parameters Influencing Handoff......Page 253 10.4.2 Handoff Underlying Support......Page 254 10.5 Roaming Support......Page 256 10.5.1 Home Agents, Foreign Agents, and Mobile IP......Page 258 10.5.2 Rerouting in Backbone Routers......Page 260 10.6 Multicasting......Page 261 10.7.1 Encryption Techniques......Page 264 10.7.2 Authentication......Page 267 10.7.3 Wireless System Security......Page 269 10.8 Firewalls and System Security......Page 272 10.9 Summary......Page 273 10.10 References......Page 274 10.11 Experiments......Page 275 10.13 Problems......Page 278 11.2 AMPS......Page 282 11.2.1 Characteristics of AMPS......Page 283 11.2.2 Operation of AMPS......Page 284 11.2.3 General Working of AMPS Phone System......Page 286 11.3.1 Introduction......Page 287 11.3.2 Support Operations......Page 289 11.4 GSM......Page 290 11.4.1 Frequency Bands and Channels......Page 291 11.4.3 Identity Numbers Used by a GSM System......Page 293 11.4.4 Interfaces, Planes, and Layers of GSM......Page 296 11.4.5 Handoff......Page 298 11.5 PCS......Page 299 11.5.1 Chronology of PCS Development......Page 300 11.5.2 Bellcore View of PCS......Page 302 11.6 IS-95......Page 304 11.6.1 Power Control......Page 308 11.7.1 International Spectrum Allocation......Page 309 11.7.2 Services Provided by Third-Generation Cellular Systems......Page 310 11.7.4 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)......Page 311 11.7.5 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)......Page 312 11.10 Problems......Page 318 12.2 Types of Satellite Systems......Page 321 12.4 Satellite System Infrastructure......Page 327 12.5 Call Setup......Page 331 12.6 Global Positioning System......Page 333 12.6.1 Limitations of GPS......Page 336 12.6.2 Beneficiaries of GPS......Page 338 12.7 A-GPS and E 911......Page 340 12.10 Experiment......Page 341 12.11 Open-Ended Project......Page 342 12.12 Problems......Page 343 13.1 Introduction......Page 345 13.3 Applications......Page 347 13.4 Routing......Page 349 13.4.2 Routing Classification......Page 350 13.5.1 Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing......Page 351 13.5.2 Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing......Page 352 13.5.3 Wireless Routing Protocol......Page 353 13.6.1 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing......Page 354 13.6.2 Dynamic Source Routing......Page 356 13.6.3 Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm......Page 357 13.6.4 Associativity-Based Routing......Page 360 13.6.5 Signal Stability-Based Routing......Page 361 13.7.1 Zone Routing......Page 362 13.7.3 Landmark Routing (LANMAR) for MANET with Group Mobility......Page 363 13.7.4 Location-Aided Routing......Page 364 13.7.6 Relative Distance Microdiscovery Ad Hoc Routing......Page 366 13.7.7 Power Aware Routing......Page 367 13.7.8 Multipath Routing Protocols......Page 368 13.8 Vehicular Area Network (VANET)......Page 377 13.9 Security Issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)......Page 379 13.9.1 Security Approaches......Page 381 13.9.2 Requirements for an Intrusion Detection System for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks......Page 382 13.9.3 Intrusion Detection Architecture Based on a Static Stationary Database......Page 385 13.10.1 ns-2......Page 390 13.10.2 Other Network Simulators......Page 392 13.11 Summary......Page 393 13.12 References......Page 394 13.13 Experiments......Page 399 13.15 Problems......Page 401 14.1 Introduction......Page 405 14.1.2 Other Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 409 14.2 Fixed Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 410 14.3 Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 411 14.4 Sensor Deployment......Page 413 14.4.1 Randomly Deployed Sensor Networks......Page 414 14.4.2 Regularly Deployed Sensor Networks......Page 415 14.5.1 Classification of Sensor Networks......Page 416 14.5.2 Fundamentals of MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks......Page 417 14.5.3 Flat Routing in Sensor Networks......Page 418 14.6 Design Issues in Sensor Networks......Page 427 14.6.2 Collaborative Information Processing......Page 428 14.6.4 Multipath Routing in Sensor Networks......Page 429 14.6.5 Service Differentiation......Page 431 14.6.6 Multipath Routing–Based Service Differentiation......Page 432 14.6.7 Energy Hole Problem......Page 433 14.6.8 Data Aggregation and Operating System......Page 435 14.7 Secured Communication......Page 437 14.7.1 Symmetric Key–Based Encryption......Page 438 14.7.2 Intrusion Detection Schemes......Page 440 14.9 References......Page 444 14.10 Experiments......Page 451 14.12 Problems......Page 454 15.1 Introduction......Page 460 15.2.1 IEEE 802.11......Page 461 15.2.2 An Overview of IEEE 802.11 Series Protocols......Page 464 15.3 Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs......Page 465 15.3.1 Issues in MAC Protocols......Page 467 15.3.2 ETSI HiperLAN......Page 469 15.3.3 HomeRF......Page 472 15.4.1 IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX......Page 474 15.5 Mesh Networks......Page 482 15.5.1 Ricochet......Page 484 15.6.1 Introduction......Page 486 15.6.2 IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)......Page 487 15.6.3 IEEE 802.15.3......Page 493 15.6.4 IEEE 802.15.4......Page 496 15.7 ZigBee......Page 501 15.9 References......Page 503 15.10 Experiments......Page 506 15.12 Problems......Page 508 16.1 Introduction......Page 511 16.2.1 Introduction......Page 512 16.2.2 Technical Features......Page 513 16.2.3 Challenges......Page 516 16.2.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 517 16.3.1 UWB System Characteristics......Page 518 16.3.3 Current Status and Applications of UWB Technology......Page 519 16.3.4 Difference Between UWB and Spread Spectrum Techniques......Page 520 16.3.7 Challenges for UWB Technology......Page 521 16.4 Push-to-Talk (PTT) Technology for SMS......Page 522 16.4.3 PTT in Non-iDEN Cellular Networks: PoC......Page 523 16.4.4 Limitations of Current Services......Page 524 16.5 RFID......Page 525 16.6 Cognitive Radio......Page 526 16.7 Multimedia Services Requirements......Page 528 16.7.1 Media Codecs......Page 529 16.7.4 Media Control Protocols......Page 530 16.7.6 Multimedia Messaging Service......Page 531 16.7.7 Multimedia Transmission in MANETs......Page 532 16.8 Heterogeneous Wireless Networks......Page 533 16.9.1 Mobility Management......Page 536 16.9.2 Resource Management......Page 538 16.9.3 Recent Advances in Resource Management......Page 540 16.10.1 Recent Advances in Multicast over Mobile IP......Page 541 16.10.2 Reliable Wireless Multicast Protocols......Page 543 16.10.3 Broadcasting, Multicasting, and Geocasting in Ad Hoc Networks......Page 544 16.11 Directional and Smart Antennas......Page 548 16.11.2 Smart Antennas and Beamforming......Page 549 16.11.3 Smart Antennas and SDMA......Page 550 16.12 WiMAX and Major Standards......Page 552 16.12.2 IEEE 802.16m......Page 553 16.13 Low-Power Design......Page 554 16.14.1 HTML Versus Markup Language......Page 556 16.15 DDoS Attack Detection......Page 557 16.15.1 Covariance Analysis Method......Page 559 16.16 Summary......Page 562 16.17 References......Page 563 16.18 Open-Ended Problem......Page 570 16.19 Problems......Page 571 A Erlang B Table......Page 573 Acronyms......Page 579 Index......Page 590