Introduction to Wireless Systems,

**A Coherent Systems View of Wireless and Cellular Network Design and Implementation**Written for senior-level undergraduates, first-year graduate students, and junior technical professionals, **__Introduction to Wireless Systems__** offers a coherent systems view of the crucial lower layers of today’s cellular systems. The authors introduce today’s most important propagation issues, modulation techniques, and access schemes, illuminating theory with real-world examples from modern cellular systems. They demonstrate how elements within today’s wireless systems interrelate, clarify the trade-offs associated with delivering high-quality service at acceptable cost, and demonstrate how systems are designed and implemented by teams of complementary specialists.Coverage includes* Understanding the challenge of moving information wirelessly between two points * Explaining how system and subsystem designers work together to analyze, plan, and implement optimized wireless systems * Designing for quality reception: using the free-space range equation, and accounting for thermal noise * Understanding terrestrial channels and their impairments, including shadowing and multipath reception * Reusing frequencies to provide service over wide areas to large subscriber bases * Using modulation: frequency efficiency, power efficiency, BER, bandwidth, adjacent-channel interference, and spread-spectrum modulation * Implementing multiple access methods, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA * Designing systems for today’s most common forms of traffic—both “bursty” and “streaming” * Maximizing capacity via linear predictive coding and other speech compression techniques * Setting up connections that support reliable communication among users **__Introduction to Wireless Systems__** brings together the theoretical and practical knowledge readers need to participate effectively in the planning, design, or implementation of virtually any wireless system. MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict Contents 8 Preface 14 Acknowledgments 16 About the Authors 18 Chapter 1 Introduction 20 Overview 20 System Description 23 What Is a Wireless System? 23 General Architecture, Basic Concepts, and Terminology 25 Historical Perspective 29 Systems Engineering and the Role of the Systems Engineer 31 Problem Statement 35 Chapter 2 The Radio Link 36 Introduction 36 Transmitting and Receiving Electromagnetic Waves 37 Isotropic Radiation 39 Antenna Radiation Patterns 41 The Range Equation 47 Thermal Noise and Receiver Analysis 53 Characterizing Noise Sources 54 Characterizing Two-Ports 66 Optimizing the Energy Transmission System 80 System-Level Design 80 Receiver Sensitivity 81 Top-Level Design 82 An Example Link Budget 85 Conclusions 89 Problems 89 Chapter 3 Channel Characteristics 96 Introduction 96 Macroscopic Models 1: Reflection from the Earth’s Surface 98 Macroscopic Models 2: Empirical Models 105 The Hata Model 106 The Lee Model 109 Macroscopic Models 3: Log-Normal Shadowing 114 Microscopic Models 1: Multipath Propagation and Fading 119 Introduction 119 A Two-Ray Model for Multipath Propagation: Stationary Receiver 121 Microscopic Models 2: Statistical Models for Multipath Propagation 125 Rayleigh Fading 125 Coherence Bandwidth 134 Microscopic Models 3: A Two-Ray Model with a Moving Receiver 140 Microscopic Models 4: A Statistical Model with a Moving Receiver 148 Area Coverage 151 The Link Budget 156 Conclusions 158 Problems 160 Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Coverage: Systems Engineering and Design 168 Motivation 168 Requirements Assessment and System Architecture 169 Cellular Concepts 172 Estimation of Interference Levels 186 Cochannel Interference 186 Adjacent-Channel Interference 190 Cellular System Planning and Engineering 192 The Key Trade-offs 192 Sectoring 194 Cell Splitting 198 Operational Considerations 202 The Mobile Switching Center 203 Dynamic Channel Assignment 204 Handoff Concepts and Considerations 204 Traffic Engineering, Trunking, and Grade of Service 206 Conclusions 213 Problems 215 Chapter 5 Digital Signaling Principles 222 Introduction 222 Baseband Digital Signaling 223 Baseband Digital Communication Architecture 223 Baseband Pulse Detection 226 The Matched Filter 231 Correlation 235 Correlation Receiver 239 Receiver Performance 241 Carrier-Based Signaling 245 Modulation Overview 245 Modulated Carrier Communication Architecture 246 Digital Modulation Principles 248 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) 255 Differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK) 258 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) 262 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) 270 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) 273 Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK) 281 Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK) 283 Spread-Spectrum Signaling 286 Overview 286 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 287 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 290 Conclusions 297 Problems 299 Chapter 6 Access Methods 306 Introduction 306 Channel Access in Cellular Systems 309 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 314 The AM Broadcasting Band 315 The AMPS Cellular Telephone System 316 Effect of Transmitted Signal Design 317 Frequency-Division Duplexing 318 Time-Division Multiple Access 319 The U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) System 321 The GSM System 323 Time-Division Duplexing 324 Code-Division Multiple Access 325 Frequency-Hopping CDMA Systems 326 Direct-Sequence CDMA Systems 330 Contention-Based Multiple Access 344 The Aloha Multiple-Access Protocol 345 The Slotted Aloha Protocol 347 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access 349 Conclusions 354 Problems 356 Chapter 7 Information Sources 362 Introduction 362 Information Sources and Their Characterization 365 Speech 366 Music 367 Images 368 Video 369 Data 370 Quality of Service (QoS) 371 Smooth versus Chunky 373 Digitization of Speech Signals 374 Pulse Code Modulation 375 Differential PCM 386 Vocoders 390 Coding for Error Correction 395 Convolutional Codes 396 Conclusions 408 Problems 411 Chapter 8 Putting It All Together 416 Introduction 416 Looking Backward 418 The First Generation 418 The Second Generation 419 Toward a Third Generation 424 Generation 2.5 426 Contemporary Systems and 3G Evolution 430 Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) 430 cdma2000 Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) 439 OFDM: An Architecture for the Fourth Generation 451 Conclusions 461 Appendix A: Statistical Functions and Tables 462 The Normal Distribution 462 Function Tables 465 Appendix B: Traffic Engineering 472 Grade of Service and the State of the Switch 472 A Model for Call Arrivals 473 A Model for Holding Time 475 The Switch State Probabilities 476 Blocking Probability, Offered Load, and Erlang B 479 Computational Techniques for the Erlang B Formula 481 Erlang B Table 484 Acronyms 496 Index 502 A 502 B 504 C 505 D 508 E 510 F 510 G 511 H 512 I 514 J 514 K 514 L 515 M 515 N 517 O 517 P 518 Q 519 R 520 S 521 T 524 U 526 V 526 W 526 Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xvAbout the Authors xviiChapter 1: Introduction 1Overview 1System Description 4Historical Perspective 10Systems Engineering and the Role of the Systems Engineer 12Chapter 2: The Radio Link 17Introduction 17Transmitting and Receiving Electromagnetic Waves 18Isotropic Radiation 20Antenna Radiation Patterns 22The Range Equation 28Thermal Noise and Receiver Analysis 34Optimizing the Energy Transmission System 61Conclusions 70Problems 70Chapter 3: Channel Characteristics 77Introduction 77Macroscopic Models 1: Reflection from the Earth's Surface 79Macroscopic Models 2: Empirical Models 86Macroscopic Models 3: Log-Normal Shadowing 95Microscopic Models 1: Multipath Propagation and Fading 100Microscopic Models 2: Statistical Models for Multipath Propagation 106Microscopic Models 3: A Two-Ray Model with a Moving Receiver 121Microscopic Models 4: A Statistical Model with a Moving Receiver 129Area Coverage 132The Link Budget 137Conclusions 139Problems 141Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Coverage: Systems Engineering and Design 149Motivation 149Requirements Assessment and System Architecture 150Cellular Concepts 153Estimation of Interference Levels 167Cellular System Planning and Engineering 173Operational Considerations 183Traffic Engineering, Trunking, and Grade of Service 187Conclusions 194Problems 196Chapter 5: Digital Signaling Principles 203Introduction 203Carrier-Based Signaling 226Spread-Spectrum Signaling 267Conclusions 278Problems 280Chapter 6: Access Methods 287Introduction 287Channel Access in Cellular Systems 290Frequency-Division Multiple Access 295Time-Division Multiple Access 300Code-Division Multiple Access 306Contention-Based Multiple Access 325Conclusions 335Problems 337Chapter 7: Information Sources 343Introduction 343Information Sources and Their Characterization 346Digitization of Speech Signals 355Coding for Error Correction 376Conclusions 389Problems 392Chapter 8: Putting It All Together 397Introduction 397Looking Backward 399Contemporary Systems and 3G Evolution 411OFDM: An Architecture for the Fourth Generation 432Conclusions 442Appendix A: Statistical Functions and Tables 443The Normal Distribution 443Function Tables 446Appendix B: Traffic Engineering 453Grade of Service and the State of the Switch 453A Model for Call Arrivals 454A Model for Holding Time 456The Switch State Probabilities 457Blocking Probability, Offered Load, and Erlang B 460Computational Techniques for the Erlang B Formula 462Erlang B Table 465Acronyms 477Index 483

a Coherent Systems View Of Wireless And Cellular Network Design And Implementation

written For Senior-level Undergraduates, First-year Graduate Students, And Junior Technical Professionals, Introduction To Wireless Systems Offers A Coherent Systems View Of The Crucial Lower Layers Of Today’s Cellular Systems. The Authors Introduce Today’s Most Important Propagation Issues, Modulation Techniques, And Access Schemes, Illuminating Theory With Real-world Examples From Modern Cellular Systems. They Demonstrate How Elements Within Today’s Wireless Systems Interrelate, Clarify The Trade-offs Associated With Delivering High-quality Service At Acceptable Cost, And Demonstrate How Systems Are Designed And Implemented By Teams Of Complementary Specialists.

coverage Includes

• understanding The Challenge Of Moving Information Wirelessly Between Two Points
• explaining How System And Subsystem Designers Work Together To Analyze, Plan, And Implement Optimized Wireless Systems
• designing For Quality Reception: Using The Free-space Range Equation, And Accounting For Thermal Noise
• understanding Terrestrial Channels And Their Impairments, Including Shadowing And Multipath Reception
• reusing Frequencies To Provide Service Over Wide Areas To Large Subscriber Bases
• using Modulation: Frequency Efficiency, Power Efficiency, Ber, Bandwidth, Adjacent-channel Interference, And Spread-spectrum Modulation
• implementing Multiple Access Methods, Including Fdma, Tdma, And Cdma
• designing Systems For Today’s Most Common Forms Of Traffic—both “bursty” And “streaming”
• maximizing Capacity Via Linear Predictive Coding And Other Speech Compression Techniques
• setting Up Connections That Support Reliable Communication Among Users

introduction To Wireless Systems Brings Together The Theoretical And Practical Knowledge Readers Need To Participate Effectively In The Planning, Design, Or Implementation Of Virtually Any Wireless System.

A Coherent Systems View of Wireless and Cellular Network Design and Implementation Written for senior-level undergraduates, first-year graduate students, and junior technical professionals, Introduction to Wireless Systems offers a coherent systems view of the crucial lower layers of today's cellular systems. The authors introduce today's most important propagation issues, modulation techniques, and access schemes, illuminating theory with real-world examples from modern cellular systems. They demonstrate how elements within today's wireless systems interrelate, clarify the trade-offs associated with delivering high-quality service at acceptable cost, and demonstrate how systems are designed and implemented by teams of complementary specialists. Coverage includes Understanding the challenge of moving information wirelessly between two points Explaining how system and subsystem designers work together to analyze, plan, and implement optimized wireless systems Designing for quality reception: using the free-space range equation, and accounting for thermal noise Understanding terrestrial channels and their impairments, including shadowing and multipath reception Reusing frequencies to provide service over wide areas to large subscriber bases Using modulation: frequency efficiency, power efficiency, BER, bandwidth, adjacent-channel interference, and spread-spectrum modulation Implementing multiple access methods, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Designing systems for today's most common forms of traffic-both "bursty" and "streaming" Maximizing capacity via linear predictive coding and other speech compression techniques Setting up connections that support reliable communication among users Introduction to Wireless Systems brings together the theoretical and practical knowledge readers need to participate effectively in the planning, design, or implementation of virtually any wireless system