Introduction to wireless systems

**A Coherent Systems View of Wireless and Cellular Network Design and Implementation**Written for senior-level undergraduates, first-year graduate students, and junior technical professionals, **__Introduction to Wireless Systems__** offers a coherent systems view of the crucial lower layers of today’s cellular systems. The authors introduce today’s most important propagation issues, modulation techniques, and access schemes, illuminating theory with real-world examples from modern cellular systems. They demonstrate how elements within today’s wireless systems interrelate, clarify the trade-offs associated with delivering high-quality service at acceptable cost, and demonstrate how systems are designed and implemented by teams of complementary specialists.Coverage includes* Understanding the challenge of moving information wirelessly between two points * Explaining how system and subsystem designers work together to analyze, plan, and implement optimized wireless systems * Designing for quality reception: using the free-space range equation, and accounting for thermal noise * Understanding terrestrial channels and their impairments, including shadowing and multipath reception * Reusing frequencies to provide service over wide areas to large subscriber bases * Using modulation: frequency efficiency, power efficiency, BER, bandwidth, adjacent-channel interference, and spread-spectrum modulation * Implementing multiple access methods, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA * Designing systems for today’s most common forms of traffic—both “bursty” and “streaming” * Maximizing capacity via linear predictive coding and other speech compression techniques * Setting up connections that support reliable communication among users **__Introduction to Wireless Systems__** brings together the theoretical and practical knowledge readers need to participate effectively in the planning, design, or implementation of virtually any wireless system. Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 8 Preface......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 16 About the Authors......Page 18 Overview......Page 20 What Is a Wireless System?......Page 23 General Architecture, Basic Concepts, and Terminology......Page 25 Historical Perspective......Page 29 Systems Engineering and the Role of the Systems Engineer......Page 31 Problem Statement......Page 35 Introduction......Page 36 Transmitting and Receiving Electromagnetic Waves......Page 37 Isotropic Radiation......Page 39 Antenna Radiation Patterns......Page 41 The Range Equation......Page 47 Thermal Noise and Receiver Analysis......Page 53 Characterizing Noise Sources......Page 54 Characterizing Two-Ports......Page 66 System-Level Design......Page 80 Receiver Sensitivity......Page 81 Top-Level Design......Page 82 An Example Link Budget......Page 85 Problems......Page 89 Introduction......Page 96 Macroscopic Models 1: Reflection from the Earth’s Surface......Page 98 Macroscopic Models 2: Empirical Models......Page 105 The Hata Model......Page 106 The Lee Model......Page 109 Macroscopic Models 3: Log-Normal Shadowing......Page 114 Introduction......Page 119 A Two-Ray Model for Multipath Propagation: Stationary Receiver......Page 121 Rayleigh Fading......Page 125 Coherence Bandwidth......Page 134 Microscopic Models 3: A Two-Ray Model with a Moving Receiver......Page 140 Microscopic Models 4: A Statistical Model with a Moving Receiver......Page 148 Area Coverage......Page 151 The Link Budget......Page 156 Conclusions......Page 158 Problems......Page 160 Motivation......Page 168 Requirements Assessment and System Architecture......Page 169 Cellular Concepts......Page 172 Cochannel Interference......Page 186 Adjacent-Channel Interference......Page 190 The Key Trade-offs......Page 192 Sectoring......Page 194 Cell Splitting......Page 198 Operational Considerations......Page 202 The Mobile Switching Center......Page 203 Handoff Concepts and Considerations......Page 204 Traffic Engineering, Trunking, and Grade of Service......Page 206 Conclusions......Page 213 Problems......Page 215 Introduction......Page 222 Baseband Digital Communication Architecture......Page 223 Baseband Pulse Detection......Page 226 The Matched Filter......Page 231 Correlation......Page 235 Correlation Receiver......Page 239 Receiver Performance......Page 241 Modulation Overview......Page 245 Modulated Carrier Communication Architecture......Page 246 Digital Modulation Principles......Page 248 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)......Page 255 Differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)......Page 258 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK)......Page 262 Offset QPSK (OQPSK)......Page 270 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)......Page 273 Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK)......Page 281 Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)......Page 283 Overview......Page 286 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum......Page 287 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum......Page 290 Conclusions......Page 297 Problems......Page 299 Introduction......Page 306 Channel Access in Cellular Systems......Page 309 Frequency-Division Multiple Access......Page 314 The AM Broadcasting Band......Page 315 The AMPS Cellular Telephone System......Page 316 Effect of Transmitted Signal Design......Page 317 Frequency-Division Duplexing......Page 318 Time-Division Multiple Access......Page 319 The U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) System......Page 321 The GSM System......Page 323 Time-Division Duplexing......Page 324 Code-Division Multiple Access......Page 325 Frequency-Hopping CDMA Systems......Page 326 Direct-Sequence CDMA Systems......Page 330 Contention-Based Multiple Access......Page 344 The Aloha Multiple-Access Protocol......Page 345 The Slotted Aloha Protocol......Page 347 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access......Page 349 Conclusions......Page 354 Problems......Page 356 Introduction......Page 362 Information Sources and Their Characterization......Page 365 Speech......Page 366 Music......Page 367 Images......Page 368 Video......Page 369 Data......Page 370 Quality of Service (QoS)......Page 371 Smooth versus Chunky......Page 373 Digitization of Speech Signals......Page 374 Pulse Code Modulation......Page 375 Differential PCM......Page 386 Vocoders......Page 390 Coding for Error Correction......Page 395 Convolutional Codes......Page 396 Conclusions......Page 408 Problems......Page 411 Introduction......Page 416 The First Generation......Page 418 The Second Generation......Page 419 Toward a Third Generation......Page 424 Generation 2.5......Page 426 Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA)......Page 430 cdma2000 Radio Transmission Technology (RTT)......Page 439 OFDM: An Architecture for the Fourth Generation......Page 451 Conclusions......Page 461 The Normal Distribution......Page 462 Function Tables......Page 465 Grade of Service and the State of the Switch......Page 472 A Model for Call Arrivals......Page 473 A Model for Holding Time......Page 475 The Switch State Probabilities......Page 476 Blocking Probability, Offered Load, and Erlang B......Page 479 Computational Techniques for the Erlang B Formula......Page 481 Erlang B Table......Page 484 Acronyms......Page 496 A......Page 502 B......Page 504 C......Page 505 D......Page 508 F......Page 510 G......Page 511 H......Page 512 K......Page 514 M......Page 515 O......Page 517 P......Page 518 Q......Page 519 R......Page 520 S......Page 521 T......Page 524 W......Page 526

a Coherent Systems View Of Wireless And Cellular Network Design And Implementation

written For Senior-level Undergraduates, First-year Graduate Students, And Junior Technical Professionals, Introduction To Wireless Systems Offers A Coherent Systems View Of The Crucial Lower Layers Of Today’s Cellular Systems. The Authors Introduce Today’s Most Important Propagation Issues, Modulation Techniques, And Access Schemes, Illuminating Theory With Real-world Examples From Modern Cellular Systems. They Demonstrate How Elements Within Today’s Wireless Systems Interrelate, Clarify The Trade-offs Associated With Delivering High-quality Service At Acceptable Cost, And Demonstrate How Systems Are Designed And Implemented By Teams Of Complementary Specialists.

coverage Includes

• understanding The Challenge Of Moving Information Wirelessly Between Two Points
• explaining How System And Subsystem Designers Work Together To Analyze, Plan, And Implement Optimized Wireless Systems
• designing For Quality Reception: Using The Free-space Range Equation, And Accounting For Thermal Noise
• understanding Terrestrial Channels And Their Impairments, Including Shadowing And Multipath Reception
• reusing Frequencies To Provide Service Over Wide Areas To Large Subscriber Bases
• using Modulation: Frequency Efficiency, Power Efficiency, Ber, Bandwidth, Adjacent-channel Interference, And Spread-spectrum Modulation
• implementing Multiple Access Methods, Including Fdma, Tdma, And Cdma
• designing Systems For Today’s Most Common Forms Of Traffic—both “bursty” And “streaming”
• maximizing Capacity Via Linear Predictive Coding And Other Speech Compression Techniques
• setting Up Connections That Support Reliable Communication Among Users

introduction To Wireless Systems Brings Together The Theoretical And Practical Knowledge Readers Need To Participate Effectively In The Planning, Design, Or Implementation Of Virtually Any Wireless System.

A Coherent Systems View of Wireless and Cellular Network Design and Implementation Written for senior-level undergraduates, first-year graduate students, and junior technical professionals, Introduction to Wireless Systems offers a coherent systems view of the crucial lower layers of today's cellular systems. The authors introduce today's most important propagation issues, modulation techniques, and access schemes, illuminating theory with real-world examples from modern cellular systems. They demonstrate how elements within today's wireless systems interrelate, clarify the trade-offs associated with delivering high-quality service at acceptable cost, and demonstrate how systems are designed and implemented by teams of complementary specialists. Coverage includes Understanding the challenge of moving information wirelessly between two points Explaining how system and subsystem designers work together to analyze, plan, and implement optimized wireless systems Designing for quality reception: using the free-space range equation, and accounting for thermal noise Understanding terrestrial channels and their impairments, including shadowing and multipath reception Reusing frequencies to provide service over wide areas to large subscriber bases Using modulation: frequency efficiency, power efficiency, BER, bandwidth, adjacent-channel interference, and spread-spectrum modulation Implementing multiple access methods, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Designing systems for today's most common forms of traffic-both "bursty" and "streaming" Maximizing capacity via linear predictive coding and other speech compression techniques Setting up connections that support reliable communication among users Introduction to Wireless Systems brings together the theoretical and practical knowledge readers need to participate effectively in the planning, design, or implementation of virtually any wireless system This work promotes a systems-engineering perspective on the design and analysis of a wireless communication system. It teaches the basics of this area through the example of a cell phone system.