Tuberculosis

Historical background......Page 9 Tuberculosis resurgence......Page 10 After the tuberculosis resurgence, 1993-2003......Page 11 Foreign-born tuberculosis patients......Page 12 Drug-resistant tuberculosis......Page 15 Tuberculosis/HIV coinfection......Page 16 Development of new tools......Page 17 References......Page 18 Genetic Susceptibility to Tuberculosis......Page 22 Evidence showing the importance of host genetics in tuberculosis susceptibility......Page 23 Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein......Page 24 Interferon gamma signaling pathway......Page 26 Other candidate genes......Page 28 References......Page 31 Tuberculosis case notifications and reported deaths......Page 36 Estimated tuberculosis cases and deaths......Page 39 HIV-related tuberculosis......Page 40 Tuberculosis cases......Page 41 Drug-resistant tuberculosis......Page 44 New cases......Page 45 Previously treated cases......Page 46 Treatment success......Page 47 Approaches needed to accelerate progress in global tuberculosis control......Page 48 Summary......Page 49 References......Page 50 Issues in the treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis......Page 52 Optimal duration of therapy......Page 53 Challenges of using antiretroviral therapy during tuberculosis therapy......Page 55 Overlapping adverse event profiles......Page 56 Drug-drug interactions......Page 57 Immune reconstitution inflammatory events......Page 58 Summary of issues involved in the use of combination antiretroviral therapy......Page 59 References......Page 61 Genotyping methods and methodologic considerations......Page 64 Infectiousness of patients......Page 66 Exogenous reinfection and mixed infection......Page 67 Contact and outbreak investigations......Page 69 Measuring the performance of a tuberculosis control program......Page 71 References......Page 73 New Drugs for Tuberculosis: Current Status and Future Prospects......Page 79 Rifapentine: the search for widely spaced intermittent treatment......Page 80 Moxifloxacin: the next treatment-shortening drug?......Page 83 Nitroimidazopyrans (PA-824)......Page 85 Macrolides......Page 87 SQ109......Page 88 References......Page 90 The Diagnosis of Tuberculosis......Page 93 The tuberculin skin test......Page 94 Beyond the tuberculin skin test......Page 97 Tests for tuberculosis disease......Page 100 Sputum induction......Page 101 The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy......Page 102 Cultures......Page 103 Nucleic acid amplification assays......Page 104 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis......Page 106 Phage amplification......Page 107 References......Page 108 Political and administrative commitment......Page 118 Standardized short-course chemotherapy given in a program of directly observed treatment......Page 119 Adequate supply of good-quality drugs......Page 120 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis......Page 121 HIV......Page 122 References......Page 123 The Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development......Page 127 Selected lead compounds in the Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development portfolio......Page 128 Objective 4: ensure affordability, adoption, and access......Page 130 Global product development public-private partnerships......Page 131 Future directions for the Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development......Page 132 References......Page 133 Genetic resources to study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex......Page 134 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms......Page 135 Genomic deletions and the origin and evolution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex......Page 137 Geographic, chronologic, and ecologic origins of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex......Page 138 What is being deleted from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex?......Page 139 Summary of catalogued deletions......Page 140 References......Page 141 Axioms of chemotherapy of tuberculosis......Page 144 Pharmacology and toxicity of antimycobacterial agents......Page 145 Rifamycins......Page 146 Fluoroquinolones......Page 147 Treatment guidelines......Page 148 Special situations......Page 150 References......Page 151 Indications for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection......Page 154 Regimens to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection......Page 155 HIV-seronegative persons......Page 157 Hepatitis C virus and isoniazid-associated hepatotoxicity......Page 159 HIV-seronegative persons......Page 160 Effectiveness......Page 161 HIV-seropositive persons......Page 162 Low treatment-completion rates......Page 163 References......Page 164 Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis......Page 168 Risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection and progression to tuberculosis disease......Page 170 Pathogenesis......Page 171 Pulmonary tuberculosis......Page 172 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis......Page 173 Maternal tuberculosis and impact on infants......Page 175 Case definitions for tuberculosis disease......Page 176 Tuberculin skin testing......Page 178 Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease......Page 179 Toxicities of first-line tuberculosis drugs......Page 181 Public health aspects of pediatric tuberculosis......Page 182 References......Page 183 Tuberculosis......Page 186 References......Page 187