Urolithiasis

This volume comprises the proceedings of the sixth in a series of International Symposia devoted to basic and clinical aspects of urolithiasis. Previous symposia have been held at intervals of four years in Leeds, Madrid, Davos, Williamsburg, and Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The sixth symposium was held in Vancouver, British Columbia and was attended by over 250 participants from 26 countries around the world. As may be seen from the contents of this volume, the meeting covered many aspects of urolithiasis including the underlying physiology, crystal formation and the effects of inhibitors and promoters on crystallization, endocrinology and abnormalities of urinary composition, analyses, geography and epidemiology, and medical and surgical treatment with a special emphasis on extracorporeal lithotripsy. Internationally-recognized authorities gave invited talks in each of these areas, and from the submitted abstracts 30 were selected for oral presentation and the remainder were presented in either general or theme poster sessions. The nine theme-poster sessions provided a particularly valuable and successful feature of the meeting, giving an opportunity for a group of researchers working in related areas to present their posters and also to give a brief oral summary which was followed by discussion with the audience. Each of these poster sessions was chaired by two experts in the field who have provided an overview of each theme-poster session for this volume. Front Matter....Pages i-xxxv Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Morphology of Renal Epithelium....Pages 3-8 Renal Tubular Calcium Transport....Pages 9-14 The Possibility of a Specific Calcium Sensor/Receptor Function of Proximal Renal Tubular Cells....Pages 15-18 Physiology of Acid-Base Balance....Pages 19-22 Intestinal Calcium Transport....Pages 23-27 Front Matter....Pages 29-29 On the Occurrence and Nature of Crystals in Human Urine....Pages 31-32 Histochemistry of Urinary Deposits....Pages 33-34 Biochemistry of Crystalluric as Compared to Non-Crystalluric Stone Formers....Pages 35-36 Microlith Formation in Urine: A New Evidence....Pages 37-38 Matrix in Stone: An Electron Microscopy Study....Pages 39-40 The Relative Merits of Early Morning vs Random Urine Samples for Studying Crystalluria....Pages 41-42 Effect of Temperature on Crystal Growth and Morphology....Pages 43-44 Seasonal Variations in Urinary Crystalluria and Glutamate Transaminase Levels in Stone Formers and Healthy Normal Subjects....Pages 45-46 Kinetic Quantification of Crystal Growth in Gel Matrices: An Efficient Model of Urinary Stone Formation....Pages 47-50 Quantitative Studies of Calcium Crystalluria....Pages 51-53 New Spectrophotometric Method for Measuring Calcium-Oxalate-Monohydrate Crystal Aggregation in the Absence of Supersaturation....Pages 55-57 Gentamycin Accelerates Calcium-Oxalate-Monohydrate (COM) Nucleation....Pages 59-60 Calcium-Oxalate Precipitation in a Flow System....Pages 61-63 A Simple Method for Determining the Metastable Limit of Calcium Oxalate....Pages 65-66 Investigations of the Crystallization Tendency in Urine with Frequency Response Analysis (Impedimetry) and Cyclic Voltametry....Pages 67-67 Front Matter....Pages 29-29 The Effect of Urinary Macromolecules on the Crystal Growth of Calcium Oxalate in Gel....Pages 69-70 Changes in the Behavior of Urinary Inhibitors in Calcium-Oxalate Urolithiasis....Pages 71-72 Stone Formation in the Human Kidney....Pages 73-74 Binding of Calcium Oxalate and Apatite Crystals to Renal Papillary Collecting Tubule Cells in Primary Culture....Pages 75-78 Effect of Extract of Hirudo Medicinalis L. Against Adherences of Calcium Oxalate Crystals to Acid-Injured Bladder Mucosa....Pages 79-80 Front Matter....Pages 81-81 Mineralization Inhibitors and Promoters....Pages 83-90 Small-Molecular-Weight Inhibitors....Pages 91-96 Macromolecular Inhibitors....Pages 97-100 Glycosaminoglycans as Inhibitors of Renal Stone Formation....Pages 101-104 The Relationship Between Citrate and Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Agglomeration....Pages 105-108 Promotive Effect of Urines from Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism on Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Aggregation....Pages 109-111 Theme Poster Session: Inhibitors I....Pages 113-115 Renal Proximal Tubular Injury and Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in Rat Urine....Pages 117-119 Membrane-Induced Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Nucleation....Pages 121-123 Lipids of Calcium-Oxalate Urinary Stones....Pages 125-127 Ultrafiltration Studies Demonstrate Effects of Urinary Macromolecules on Crystallization of Endogenous Calcium Oxalate in Urine....Pages 129-131 The Effect of Macromolecules on the Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in Human Urine....Pages 133-135 Nephrocalcin Isolated from Human Kidney Stones is a Defective Calcium-Oxalate-Monohydrate Crystal-Aggregation Inhibitor....Pages 137-139 Effective Prevention of Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Formation in vitro and in vivo by Pentosan Polysulfate....Pages 141-144 The Effect of Uric Acid on the Inhibition of Hydroxyapatite Crystal Growth....Pages 145-146 Front Matter....Pages 81-81 At Last, A Non-Iterative Program to Calculate Growth and Aggregation Rates!....Pages 147-150 Assessment of Aggregation of Calcium-Containing Crystals....Pages 151-153 Combined Influence of Urinary Calcium and Oxalate Concentrations on Crystal Formation in Stone Formers....Pages 155-157 Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Formation in Urolithiasis....Pages 159-161 Theme Poster Session: Inhibitors II....Pages 163-164 What is Renal Stone Matrix?....Pages 165-168 On the Role of the Organic Matrix in the Architecture of Urinary Stones....Pages 169-171 Functional Heterogeneity of Tamm-Horsfall Glycoprotein Isolated from Urines of Normal Subjects and Idiopathic Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formers and from Human Calcium-Oxalate Kidney Stones....Pages 173-176 The Effect of Tamm-Horsfall Mucoprotein on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization in Urine: Two Methods Compared....Pages 177-180 Multiple Effects of Amino Acids and Tamm-Horsfall Glycoprotein on the Precipitation of Calcium Oxalate....Pages 181-185 Polyanionic Inhibition Versus Supersaturation in Male and Female Recurrent Calcium-Stone Formers....Pages 187-187 Nucleation and Growth Inhibitors of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization....Pages 189-191 Calcium-Oxalate-Dihydrate Production....Pages 193-195 The Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Pentosan Polysulfate on Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Formation in vitro and in vivo....Pages 197-200 Suppression of Struvite and Newberyite Bladder-Stone Formation in Rats by Phosphocitrate....Pages 201-204 1 H and 2 H Nuclear Relaxation Studies of Lyophilized Urines....Pages 205-208 Inhibitors of Heterogeneous Nucleation in Urolithiasis....Pages 209-210 Do Stone Formers Lack Inhibitors in Urine?....Pages 211-212 Deficit of Inhibitors and Renal Lithiasis....Pages 213-214 Modulation of Calcium-Oxalate-Monohydrate Crystallization Kinetics in Vitro....Pages 215-215 Front Matter....Pages 81-81 Urinary Excretion of Lithogenic Substances and Inhibitory Activity Towards Calcium-Oxalate-Monohydrate Crystal Growth in Idiopathic Urolithiasis....Pages 217-218 The Effect of Urinary Constituents of Low Molecular Weight on the Crystal Growth of Calcium Oxalate in Gel....Pages 219-220 Investigations of Formation and Dissolution of the Stone Minerals, Oxalate and Apatite....Pages 221-221 Role of Pyrophosphate in Calculogenesis....Pages 223-224 Magnesium Inhibits Octacalcium Phosphate and Apatite but Promotes Whitlockite and Brushite Formation....Pages 225-226 Is Hypomagnesuria Frequent in Stone Formers?....Pages 227-227 Trace-Element Contents of Serum, Urine, and Kidney Stones in Urinary Stone Formers....Pages 229-231 Ability of Some Carboxylic and Phosphorylated Carboxylic Acids to Prevent Hydroxyapatite and Calcium-Oxalate Precipitation....Pages 233-233 Urinary Macromolecular-Inhibitory-Substances of Calcium-Oxalate-Monohydrate Crystal Growth....Pages 235-235 Glycosaminoglycans and Urolithiasis....Pages 237-238 Adherence of Glycosaminoglycans to Calcium-Oxalate Crystals....Pages 239-240 Seromucoids, Urinary Mucoproteins, Tamm-Horsfall Protein, Glycosaminoglycans, and Total Carbohydrates in Stone Disease....Pages 241-241 Study of Circadian Rhythmicity of Urinary Excretion of Glycosaminoglycans in Normal Subjects and Stone Formers....Pages 243-243 Favorable Effect of Glycosaminoglycans on Cellular and Urinary Abnormalities in Idiopathic Calcium-Oxalate Nephrolithiasis....Pages 245-245 Decreased Erythrocyte Glycosaminoglycan Content in Idiopathic Calcium-Oxalate Nephrolithiasis....Pages 247-247 Urinary Excretion of Glycosaminoglycans in Calcium Lithiasis: The Role of Protein Intake....Pages 249-250 Correlation of Urinary Excretion of Glycosaminoglycans and Uric Acid in Healthy Adults and in Renal Stone Formers....Pages 251-251 Calcium-Oxalate Crystal Growth: Influence of Natural Inhibitors....Pages 253-254 Effect of Calcitriol Administration on Urinary Excretion of Nephrocalcin, A Calcium-Oxalate Crystal-Growth Inhibitor....Pages 255-257 The Influence of Additives on Nucleation, Crystal Growth, and Aggregation of Calcium-Oxalate Hydrates....Pages 259-259 Front Matter....Pages 81-81 Amino Acid Excretion in Urinary Calculous Disease....Pages 261-262 The Effect of Glutamic Acid and Aspartic Acid on Calcium-Containing Stones....Pages 263-265 Front Matter....Pages 267-267 Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis....Pages 295-300 Undissociated Uric Acid in Nephrolithiasis....Pages 301-302 Laxative Abuse as a Cause for Ammonium-Urate Renal Calculi....Pages 303-305 Spurious Stones....Pages 315-315 Renal Infections and Stones....Pages 269-273 Bacterial Ecology in Struvite Calculogenesis....Pages 275-276 Urinary Calculi and Urinary Tract Infection....Pages 277-278 Urinary Tract Infection and Urinary Stone Disease....Pages 279-280 The Role of Infection in the Adherence of Urease-Induced Crystals to the Urothelium....Pages 281-281 Ureaplasma Urealyticum: An Etiological Agent for the Development of Infection Stones in the Urinary Tract....Pages 283-286 Renal Calculi and Bacterial Adherence: An Ultrastructural Study of Adhesion to Hydroxyapatite Particles by Urinary Tract Pathogens....Pages 287-287 E. Coli — A Promoting Factor in the Development of Phosphate Stones?....Pages 289-289 The Bacteriology of Operated Renal Stones....Pages 291-292 The Value of Extensive Urine and Stone Cultures in Patients Undergoing Surgical Removal of Urinary Tract Stones....Pages 293-294 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Stone Formation....Pages 307-307 Long-Term Observation of the Metabolism and Adapted Therapy in Cystine Stone Patients....Pages 309-309 Dietary Restriction of Sodium as a Means of Reducing Urinary Cystine....Pages 311-311 Uralyt-U Maintains an Optimal Urinary pH in Patients with Cystinuria....Pages 313-314 Front Matter....Pages 267-267 Factitious Struvite Stones — A Case Report....Pages 317-318 Front Matter....Pages 319-319 Mechanism of Idiopathic Hypercalciuria: A Search for a Unifying Hypothesis....Pages 321-324 Differentiation of Unclassified Hypercalciuria Utilizing a Sodium-Cellulose-Phosphate Trial....Pages 325-328 Histological and Biochemical Characterization of a Model of Nephrolithiasis Incorporating Proximal Tubular Dysfunction....Pages 329-331 Hypercalciuria and Hyperoxaluria in Stone Formers....Pages 333-334 Theme Poster Session: Hypercalciuria....Pages 335-338 Insulin Stimulates Intestinal Calcium Absorption in Man and the Rat....Pages 339-342 Calcium Transport by Red Cells from Hypercalciuric Stone Formers....Pages 343-345 Intestinal Absorption of Oxalate and Calcium....Pages 347-350 Urinary Calcium and Oxalate Excretion in Stone Formers and Normal Subjects in Saudi Arabia....Pages 351-354 Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone Provocative Tests in Fasting Hypercalciuria....Pages 355-358 Effect of Insulin on Renal Function in Streptozotocin-Treated Rats....Pages 359-361 Prostaglandin E 2 and Hydrochlorothiazide-Mediated Hypocalciuria: A Hypothesis....Pages 363-366 Lack of a Relationship Between Urinary Calcium Excretion and Sodium Excretion in Stone Formers with High Fasting Calcium/Creatinine Ratios....Pages 367-369 Urinary Calcium After Oral Glucose Ingestion in Calcium Stone Formers: A Simple Provocative Test for Predicting Stone Recurrence....Pages 371-373 Response of Patients with Medullary Sponge Kidney and Calcium Nephrolithisis to an Acute Acid Load....Pages 375-377 Premature Infants Treated with Furosemide have Increased Urinary Calcium and Unchanged Urinary Citrate Excretion Compared to Controls....Pages 379-382 Medullary Sponge Kidney....Pages 383-388 Medullary Sponge Kidney and Calcium Nephrolithiasis....Pages 389-390 Lower Vertebral Mineral Density in Calcium Stone Formers with Normocalciuria and Idiopathic Hypercalciuria: Evidence for Primary Bone Resorption in Idiopathic Hypercalciuria....Pages 391-394 Front Matter....Pages 319-319 Mineral Metabolism and Bone Mineral Content in Calcium Nephrolithiasis with and without Hyperparathyroidism....Pages 395-395 Bone Mineral Content and Recurrent Calcium Nephrolithiasis with Idiopathic Hypercalciuria....Pages 397-397 The Calciuretic Effect of Methionine in Humans....Pages 399-399 Clearance Studies in Normal and Nephrocalcinotic Rats on Nifedipine....Pages 401-401 Interdependence of Some Selected Parameters on Calcium Excretion in Kidney Stone Patients....Pages 403-404 Hyperoxaluria....Pages 405-409 Plasma Oxalate and its Diurnal Variation and Renal Clearance....Pages 411-415 Theme Poster Session: Oxalate....Pages 417-420 Oxalate Synthesizing Enzymes in Rat Liver....Pages 421-423 The Effect of Vitamin D on Conversion of Ethylene Glycol to Glycolate and Oxalate....Pages 425-428 Effect of Oxalate on Kidney Mitochondrial Function....Pages 429-430 Pharmacokinetic and Autoradiographic Studies on Oxalate in Rats....Pages 431-433 Increased Dietary Calcium Intake Reduces Urinary Oxalate Excretion in Healthy Adults....Pages 435-438 Increased Urinary Glycolate in Idiopathic Calcium-Oxalate Nephrolithiasis....Pages 439-441 Oxalate Exchange in Red Blood Cells of Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formers: A Pharmacological Study....Pages 443-445 Oxalate Transport in Rat Renal-Cortical Brush-Border-Membrane Vesicles....Pages 447-450 Erythrocyte Abnormality in Oxalate Self-Exchange and Urinary Acidification in Idiopathic Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formers....Pages 451-452 Renal Oxalate Handling in Normal Subjects and Patients with Idiopathic Renal Lithiasis: Primary and Secondary Hyperoxaluria....Pages 453-455 Oxalate in Urine and Plasma Re-Visited: Evidence for Mild Hyperoxaluria in 24-h Urine Samples from Male and Female Patients with Calcium Urolithiasis....Pages 457-460 The Effect of Increasing Urate Concentration on the Precipitation of Calcium Oxalate from Human Urine....Pages 461-463 Front Matter....Pages 319-319 Comparison of Urine Composition in Male Patients Forming Calcium Stones of Different Types....Pages 465-467 Oxalate Transport Studies in Intestinal and Renal Brush-Border-Membrane Vesicles in Pyridoxine-Deficient Rats....Pages 469-470 Alterations in Renal Brush-Border-Membrane Enzymes in Vitamin A-, B 1 -, and B 6 -Deficient Rats....Pages 471-471 Characteristics of Oxalate Uptake Along the Villus-Crypt Axis in Rat Intestine....Pages 473-473 Induction and Isolation of Oxalate Binding Protein in Rat Intestinal Brush-Border Membrane....Pages 475-475 Transport of Oxalate in Intact Red-Blood Cells can Identify Potential Stone Formers....Pages 477-477 Mitochondrial and Cellular Metabolism in Experimental Hyperoxaluric Nephrolithiasis....Pages 479-479 Hydroxycarboxylate Malabsorption and Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis....Pages 481-483 Contribution of Different Doses of Ascorbic Acid to Urinary Oxalate and its Influence on the Mineralization Process....Pages 485-485 Jejuno-Ileal Bypass in the Rat: Failure to Produce Enteric Hyperoxaluria....Pages 487-488 Endogenous Oxalate Production, Clinical Catastrophes, and Oxalate Urolithiasis....Pages 489-490 Ethylene Glycol Intoxication....Pages 491-493 Cimetidine Inhibition of Hepatic Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Oxalate Production....Pages 495-495 Biochemistry of Citrate....Pages 497-500 Mechanisms of Hypocitraturia in Idiopathic Calcium-Stone Disease....Pages 501-501 Citrate Excretion and Stone Formation: The Prevalence of Hypocitraturia in Stone Formers and its Dependence on Age and Sex....Pages 503-503 Prevalence of Permanent Idiopathic Hypocitraturia in Calcium Stone Formers....Pages 505-505 Circadian Rhythmicity in Urinary Citrate Excretion in Healthy Men and Male Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formers....Pages 507-507 Urinary Citrate Excretion as a Screening Test for Distal Renal-Tubular Acidosis....Pages 509-509 Physicochemical Action and Extrarenal Manifestations of Alkali Therapy....Pages 511-516 Front Matter....Pages 319-319 Citrate and Idiopathic Recurrent Calcium Urolithiasis: An Approach to the Origin of Hypocitraturia and Correction by Two Oral Alkali Citrates....Pages 517-522 Contrasting Effects of Various Potassium Salts on Acid-Base Status, Urinary Citrate Excretion, and Renal Citrate Clearance....Pages 523-525 Front Matter....Pages 527-527 Theme Poster Session: Chemical Analyses....Pages 529-530 External Quality Assessment of Urinary Oxalate Analysis: Three Years’ Experience....Pages 531-533 Analysis of an Immobilized Oxalate-Oxidase Method in Urine: Problems Solved and Methods Compared....Pages 535-538 Circadian Variation of Plasma Oxalate in Normal Healthy Subjects....Pages 539-541 A New Method for Glycolate Determination in Plasma and Urine....Pages 543-545 A Rapid High-Performance Ion-Chromatographic Procedure for the Estimation of Glycolate in Plasma and Urine....Pages 547-548 Microdetermination of Urinary Constituents by Vertical Light-Path Photometry in Microplates....Pages 549-551 Reliability of a Single 24-Hour Urine Testing for the Detection of Abnormal Stone-Forming Risk Factors....Pages 553-556 Day to Day Variation in Urine Saturation and Risk Factors of Calcium Urolithiasis....Pages 557-559 The Use of a Pulsed Dye Laser for Identification of Urinary Stone Composition....Pages 561-561 Should Idiopathic Calcium-Phosphate Stones be Separated from Calcium-Oxalate Stones?....Pages 563-565 Sulfur Amino Acids, Thiol Drugs, and Related Mixed Disulfides from Urine Samples of Cystine Stone Patients....Pages 567-569 Urine Studies in Xanthinuria....Pages 571-573 The Effects of Various Therapeutic Agents on Urine Composition in Calcium Stone Formers during Follow-Up at an Out-Patient Stone Clinic....Pages 575-577 Significance of Urinary Excretion of Stone Components in Long-Term Follow-Up of Calcium-Oxalate Stone Patients....Pages 579-581 Clinical Application of a New HPLC Determination of Urinary Glycolate....Pages 583-584 A Method for the Determination of Urinary Ammonium....Pages 585-585 An Assay for Urinary Citrate using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography....Pages 587-588 Front Matter....Pages 527-527 The Oxalate Tolerance Method and its Application to Investigations on Stone Formers and Normal Subjects....Pages 589-589 Temperature Dependence of the Magnesium-Oxalate Stability Constant....Pages 591-592 The Effect of Low-Speed Centrifugation and Millipore Filtration on the Urinary Protein Content....Pages 593-594 Use of EQUIL to Estimate pH of Well-Defined Solutions....Pages 595-595 A Computerized System for the Metabolic Evaluation of Renal Lithiasis Patients....Pages 597-598 Experimental and Computed Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Precipitation....Pages 599-600 Front Matter....Pages 601-601 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in Humans: Regulation in Health and Role in Urolithiasis....Pages 603-609 Response to Exogenous 1,25(OH) 2 D during a Low-Calcium Diet in Normal Subjects and Idiopathic Renal-Stone Formers....Pages 611-613 Effects of lα-Hydroxylated Vitamin-D Metabolites on Intestinal Radio-Calcium Absorption and Urinary Calcium Excretion in Short- and Long-Term Treatments of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis....Pages 615-615 Effect of Hypovitaminosis A and Supplementation of Vitamin D 3 on Calcium and Oxalate Absorption by Rat Intestinal Brush-Border-Membrane Vesicles....Pages 617-617 Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Primary Hyperparathyroidism....Pages 619-625 Combined Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Absorptive Hypercalciuria: Clinical Implications....Pages 627-630 Surgical Aspects of Hyperparathyroidism....Pages 631-636 Biochemical and Clinical Studies After Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism....Pages 637-640 Is There a Role for the Thyroid Gland in Renal Calcium-Stone Formation?....Pages 641-642 Nutrient Energy Intake, Fasting Serum Insulin, and Urinary Oxalate Excretion....Pages 643-643 Front Matter....Pages 645-645 Theme Poster Session: Geography and Epidemiology of Stones....Pages 647-649 Descriptive Epidemiology of Urolithiasis in Japan....Pages 651-654 Morbidity of Urolithiasis in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1979 and 1984....Pages 655-656 The Tübingen Urolithiasis Record....Pages 657-660 Front Matter....Pages 645-645 Urinary Tract Stone Incidence in the U.S. Veteran Population....Pages 661-664 Epidemiology of Stone Disease in the United States as Discerned from a Stone-Risk Profile....Pages 665-667 The Calculation of Stone Risk in the Urine of Middle Eastern Men and Western Expatriates Living in Saudi Arabia....Pages 669-671 Chronological Variation in Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi Between 1965–68 and 1982–86 in North-Western India....Pages 673-675 Piridoxilate-Induced Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis: A Nation-wide Epidemiologic Evaluation of Incidence....Pages 677-679 Prevalence of Distal Renal-Tubular Acidosis in Five Khon Kaen Villages....Pages 681-682 Blood and Urinary Composition of Aggregators and Inhibitors in Renal Stone Patients in Northeast Thailand....Pages 683-686 Prostatic Hyperplasia Complicated with Vesical Calculus....Pages 687-689 Extended Investigations in 800 Recurrent Stone Formers: Methods and Results....Pages 691-693 Relapsing Calcium Stones: The Real Interest of Daily Calciuria....Pages 695-695 Statistical Characterization of a Selected Group of Patients with Recurrent Calcium Nephrolithiasis....Pages 697-697 Epidemiological Investigation of Nephrolithiasis in the Region of SAP Kosovo in Yugoslavia....Pages 699-699 The Pattern of Urinary-Tract Stone Disease in Croatia....Pages 701-701 Analysis of 265 Calcium-Oxalate Concrements of the Uropoietic Tract in Patients from the Osijek Region....Pages 703-703 The Prevalence of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Nephrolithiasis in North-East Slavonija and Baranja....Pages 705-706 Assessment of the Risk Factor Index in Stone Formers....Pages 707-707 Differences in Urines Collected from the Bladder and a Stone-Forming Kidney....Pages 709-709 The Prevalence of Urolithiasis in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Population Study....Pages 711-712 Chemical Composition of Urinary Stones in Jeddah: A Study of 441 Samples and a Proposed New Classification....Pages 713-714 Stone Type and Urine Composition in the Middle East with Particular Reference to Saudi Arabia....Pages 715-715 Front Matter....Pages 645-645 Urinary Calcium Excretion in Saudi Arabia....Pages 717-718 Chemical Composition of Renal Stones in Mosul....Pages 719-719 Urine and Blood Biochemistry in Stone Patients and Normal Subjects in India....Pages 721-722 Circadian Rhythmicity in the Urinary Excretion of Calcium, Oxalate, Uric Acid, and Inorganic Phosphorus in Stone Formers and Their Cohorts in Northwestern India....Pages 723-724 Physico-Chemical Analysis of Urinary Stones....Pages 725-726 Risk of Stone Formation in Rock-Phosphate Mine Workers....Pages 727-728 Bladder Stone Disease in Udaipur (Southern Part of Rajasthan, India)....Pages 729-730 Prevalence of Upper Urinary-Tract Stones in the Baan Fang District in Northeast Thailand....Pages 731-731 Mechanism of Hypercalciuria in Renal Stone Patients in Northeast Thailand....Pages 733-733 The Importance of Diet in the Etiology of Primary Calcium and Uric-Acid Stone Formation: The Arabian Experience....Pages 735-739 Role of Diet in Calcium Nephrolithiasis....Pages 741-741 Increased Frequency of Hypercalciuria in Stone Formers with High Protein Intake....Pages 743-743 Hyperuricosuria: A Risk Factor for Urolithiasis in Saudi Arabia....Pages 745-746 Effects of Dietary Sodium on Lithogenic Risk Factors....Pages 747-748 Renal Stone Disease and Nutrient Intake in Italy....Pages 749-750 The Effect of Modified Diets on Urinary Risk Factors in Kidney Stone Disease....Pages 751-751 Clinical Effects of Prophylactic Dietary Treatment of Renal Stone Disease in Japan....Pages 753-755 The Significance of Annual Rhythms for the Excretion of Lithogenic and Inhibitory Substances in Urine....Pages 757-758 Overweight and Calcium Stone Disease....Pages 759-760 The Effect of Fasting During the Holy Month of Ramadan on the Risk of Calcium-Oxalate and Uric-Acid Stone Formation....Pages 761-761 Front Matter....Pages 645-645 Changes in Urinary Solute Excretion During Fasting in the Holy Month of Ramadan....Pages 763-764 The Effect of Fasting on Urinary Stone Risk....Pages 765-766 Diurnal Changes in Urine Chemistry of Normal Moslem Subjects During Fast....Pages 767-768 Volume Control in the Desert: Stone Formers in Saudi Arabia....Pages 769-770 Bearing of Drinking Water Quality on the Prevalence of Urolithiasis....Pages 771-772 Soft Drinking Water and Urolithiasis....Pages 773-773 Normal Values of Lithogenic and Inhibitory Substances in the Urine of Healthy Children....Pages 775-776 Statistics of Stone Analysis in Childhood Urolithiasis....Pages 777-777 Changing Trends in Pediatric Urolithiasis in Kerala, India....Pages 779-780 Front Matter....Pages 781-781 Theme Poster Session: Medical Treatment....Pages 783-785 Prognosis of Asymptomatic Urolithiasis....Pages 787-788 Prevention of Recurrent Calcium-Oxalate Calculi Through Use of Hydrochlorothiazide Combined with Amiloride....Pages 789-791 Correlation Between Recurrence of Nephrolithiasis and Persistence of Bone Resorption in Patients with Recurrent Calcium Nephrolithiasis on Long-Term Thiazide Therapy....Pages 793-795 Lack of Effect of Thiazide Therapy on Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Idiopathic Hypercalciuria with Renal Calculi....Pages 797-800 Combined Hydrochlorothiazide and Magnesium Treatment in Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formers — A Randomized Study....Pages 801-803 Pharmacological Prevention of Renal Calcium Stones After Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy....Pages 805-807 The Use of K-Lyte (Potassium Citrate) in Uric Acid Lithiasis....Pages 809-811 Treatment of Calcium-Oxalate Urolithiasis with Alkali Citrate: Effects on Urinary Parameters in Patients on Standardized and Free Diets....Pages 813-815 Alkali Citrate Versus Diet for Prevention of Calcium Urolithiasis....Pages 817-819 Dissolution of Uric Acid Stones....Pages 821-823 Front Matter....Pages 781-781 Allopurinol and Dietary Purine Affect Urinary Uric Acid but not Urinary Oxalate Levels....Pages 859-859 Study of the Effects of Stones and Drugs on the Ureter in a Pig Model....Pages 825-829 Magnesium Therapy in Calcium-Oxalate Stone Patients....Pages 853-855 High Dietary Magnesium and Thiazide Administration in the Prevention of Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formation in an Experimental Model....Pages 857-858 In Vivo Effects of Dermatan Sulfate After Intravenous Injection in Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formers....Pages 861-862 Vitamin-B 6 Status and Oxalate Excretion in Patients with Calcium Lithiasis....Pages 849-850 Pyridoxine in the Long-Term Follow-Up of Crystalluric Stone Formers....Pages 851-852 Medical Plant Agents in the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Recurrent Urolithiasis....Pages 863-863 The Role of Tamarind and Tomato in Controlling Crystalluria....Pages 865-866 Dietary Fiber and Urolithiasis Part I: Physical, Chemical, and Hygienic Properties of Various Brans....Pages 867-867 Dietary Fiber and Urolithiasis Part II: Effects of a High Dietary Fiber Intake on the Urine Composition in Man....Pages 869-869 Effects of Different Doses of Alkaline Citrate on Urine Composition and Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate....Pages 843-844 Influence of Single-Dose Alkali Citrate in Hypocitraturic and Hypercalciuric Healthy Subjects....Pages 845-846 Five Years Experience with Oxalyt-C R (Sodium Potassium Citrate) in Calcium-Oxalate Stone Formers....Pages 847-847 Calcium Oxalate Stone Therapy with Thiazides and Allopurinol: A Five-Year Study....Pages 831-832 Comparison of Two Different Combinations of Diuretics in Reducing Hypercalciuria in Recurrent Stone Formers....Pages 833-834 Relapsing Calcium Stones: The Long-Term Results of Pharmacological Therapy....Pages 835-835 Use of Risk Factors in Medical Management to Reduce Recurrence of Calcium-Oxalate Kidney Stones....Pages 837-837 The Effect of Verapamil and Thiazide in the Prevention of Renal Stone Formation in an Experimental Model....Pages 839-840 Short-Term Effects of Low-Dose Thiazide and Amiloride Administration Compared with Potassium Citrate Therapy in Recurrent Nephrolithiasis....Pages 841-841 Front Matter....Pages 781-781 Preventing the Recurrence of Kidney Stones with Farnolith Bran Preparation....Pages 871-871 Calcium Metabolism in Normal Subjects and in Hypercalciuric Patients Treated with Farnolith R ....Pages 873-873 Wheat Bran: A Selective Therapy for Absorptive Hypercalciuria....Pages 875-875 Front Matter....Pages 877-877 Current State and Future Developments of Non-Invasive Treatment of Urinary Stones with Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy....Pages 879-884 What Happens to a Stone with Lithotripsy?....Pages 885-891 Second Generation Lithotripters: What Have They Brought?....Pages 893-898 Piezoelectric Shock-Wave Lithotripsy: Experimental and Clinical Results....Pages 899-902 Intracorporeal Laser-Induced Shock-Wave Lithotripsy....Pages 903-909 Shock-Wave Lithotripsy: How Much is Enough?....Pages 911-915 Theme Poster Session: Lithotripsy I....Pages 917-918 Technical Modifications of the Dornier HM3: Preliminary Results from a Single Center....Pages 919-921 Initial Experience with the Second-Generation Lithotripter, Dornier HM-4....Pages 923-924 Lithostar Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy: The Initial Experience....Pages 925-926 The MFL 5000: A New Machine for Urological Diagnosis, Endourology, and Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy....Pages 927-928 Long-Term Results in ESWL-Treated Urinary Stone Patients....Pages 929-931 A Clinical Study on the Recurrence of Urinary Tract Lithiasis After ESWL....Pages 933-936 Side Effects of Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Exposure on the Kidney in Dogs....Pages 937-940 Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy: Increased Risk for Hematoma Formation by Acetylsalycic Acid?....Pages 941-943 Renal Functional Alterations after Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy Assessed by Measurement of Urinary Proteins....Pages 945-946 Theme Poster Session: Lithotripsy II....Pages 947-949 Front Matter....Pages 877-877 New Techniques and Developments in Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy: The Dornier HM-4 and MPL 9000....Pages 981-983 Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy with the Siemens ‘Lithostar’: The Manchester Experience....Pages 985-986 Comparative Experimental Study on the Disintegrating Effect of the Tunable Dye Laser and Ultrasound on Stones of Various Composition....Pages 987-989 Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy Plus Ureteral Stenting — A Suitable Treatment for Staghorn Stones?....Pages 951-954 The Management of Staghorn St